Volume 26, No. 1 (March, 2025)
1. SUMIT RAY, SAGAR MAITRA*, MASINA SAIRAM, SHAIK SAMEER, LALICHETTI SAGAR, B. SAI DIVYA AND HARUN I. GITARI [The nexus between intercropping systems, ecosystem services and sustainable agriculture: A review]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 1-11 (2025). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India *(e-mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
In the face of aggravating environmental challenges, achieving food security while preserving natural ecosystems, the present-day agriculture demands transformative strategies. Intercropping, an age old yet under-recognized practice, offers a promising direction towards sustainable agriculture by elevating biodiversity, optimizing resource use and delivering critical ecosystem services. Intercropping contributes to climate change mitigation by improving soil health and carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and long-term soil fertility restoration through nutrient cycling. Intercropping system aligns with agroecology principles, integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services into agricultural systems. Intercropping enhances provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services through multiple mechanisms. One of its key advantages is the promotion of biodiversity, which is essential for agroecosystem sustainability. By increasing species richness, intercropping nurtures pollinators, beneficial insects, and microbial communities, ultimately boosting productivity and resilience against environmental stressors. Moreover, intercropping represents an ecologically and economically viable alternative to conventional farming, confronting critical global concerns such as soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate change. However, challenges such as choosing compatible crops, planning planting patterns, and coordinating harvest schedules pose huge tasks. Research findings on crop combinations, climate-resilient systems, mechanization tools, and region-specific information can help to overcome these issues. The review article focuses on the alignment of an intercropping system with ecosystem services targeting agricultural sustainability.
2. Jenal Mutakin*, Ardli Swardana1, Rahmi Fatimah1, Maryati Puspitasari1, Rahmat Muhidin1 and Yayan Sumekar [Shifts in weed composition driven by paddy cultivation technology in the medium lands of Garut Regency, Indonesia]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 12-18 (2025). Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Garut Garut, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: jenalmutakin@uniga.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Weed infestations in paddy fields significantly reduce rice yields, with shifts in weed diversity influenced by cultivation practices and herbicide use. Studying these shifts is essential to developing effective weed management strategies and ensuring sustainable rice production in changing agricultural environments. The purpose of research is to study the shifting of weed diversity due to the technology application of paddy cultivation by using survey method and experiment. The research was carried out in June until October. A field survey was conducted before the experiment in 4 subdistricts by taking weed samples as many as 20 points using a square frame with the size of 50 cm × 50 cm. The experiment is carried out by applying 2 cultivation technologies, those are: conventional and No-Tillage system. And then, the weddings are no weeding treatment (f0), one-time-weeding of 20 DAP-aged (f1), and 40 DAP– aged (f2). Identification of weed result is analyzed to the diversity index (H’) based on Shannon-Wiener, evenness index (E’), weed abundance and SDR value. The research result shows the shifting of weed composition at cultivation technology application and weeding. On the field before the experiment, the predominant weed is Pistia stratiostes (SDR value of 19.29) with a medium-grouped diversity level (H’ 2,44). After The experiment of diversity level (H’), weed of conventional system and No Tillage is low category. In the application of conventional technology, which is not weeded, the dominant weed is Cynodon dactylon (SDR 21.06), whereas, on the field, which is weeded, the dominant weed is Pistia stratiotes with the value of SDR (f1 25.93 and f2 20.62). In the No Tillage system, the weed dominating is Alternanthera philoxeroides with the value of SDR (f015.31, f1 23.27 and f2 12.97). The distribution pattern of the dominant weed grows in groups (SD/mean > 1). The other weed growing in groups at the no tillage system is Marsilea quadrifolia.
3. Rafid S. Al Ubori*, Safaa Abd Al-Hassan Al-Zubaidy, Ammar Al-Zubade and Duraid K. A. AL-Taey** [Effect of cytokinin application on productivity parameters of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 19-23 (2025). Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq (e-mail: *rafidish@agre.uoqasim.edu.iq; **duraid.kamil@alayen.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a crucial role in modulating crop growth and development, with cytokinin being one of the most significant hormones affecting yield parameters in cereals. Despite advancements in wheat breeding, a significant portion of genetic variation influencing yield remains untapped. Cytokinin regulates cell division, resource allocation, and grain-filling processes, yet its field applications remain underexplored. This study was carried out during the growing seasons of 2023-24 at Al Qasim-Green University, college of Agriculture, plant production research field, Iraq to investigate the effect of spraying the cytokinin on four winter wheat cultivars. Cytokinin application implemented at concentrations of (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) noted as (T1, T2, and T3). Cultivars as a second factor included (Iba99, Baghdad, Bohuth22 and Abu Ghraib). The treatments were applied at both the green-up and flowering stages. Baghdad cultivar treated with 100mg\L of cytokinin exceeds other cultivars in most characteristics of study, such as: average tillers number, 1000 kernel weight, number of grains per spike and grain yield. Future research should focus on optimizing cytokinin application rates and time to maximize these benefits in different environmental conditions and wheat cultivars.
4. GHEBRIEL O. DEKIN*, VALERY A. BURLUTSKY AND BERHANE T. NEGASSI [Morphological assessment of spikes in novel F4:5 breeding population hybrids of winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 24-31 (2025). Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: ghebrielokba@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Winter wheat is a crucial cereal crop that significantly contributes to global food security. The study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of newly developed breeding population hybrids of winter soft wheat (F4:5), focusing on spike morphology and its implications for agronomic performance under rain-fed conditions. This research was conducted during the 2021-22 period at the Kaluga Agricultural Experimental Station in the Peremyshlsky District of the Kaluga Region. The breeding program evaluated spike traits in a diverse population, selecting 6,999 spikes from 2,060 genotypes (2.85 g). Seeds were sown at 500 seeds/m² in a 10 × 50 m plot. Traits were analyzed using IBM SPSS v23x64 with ANOVA and Pearson correlation. This study examined spike morphological traits in winter soft wheat, revealing strong correlations critical for breeding. Spike weight correlated highly with grain weight (r=0.97), grain number (r=0.63), and grain weight with grain number (r=0.68). Spike length positively influenced mean grain weight, increasing from 2.44 g at 7.00 cm to 3.01 g at 13.50 cm, though variability was notable (CV=16.88% at 12.00 cm). Spikelet number also correlated with mean grain weight, rising from 2.43 g at 12 spikelets to 3.10 g at 22, but with greater variability (CV=18.00%). An inverse relationship was observed between spike length and spikelet density, decreasing from 23.24 to 14.82 as length increased from 7.00 cm to 13.50 cm. These results highlight the need to balance spike traits for optimal yield and adaptability.
5. HAIDER R. LEIBY*, JABER J. ABOTLASHA, DHAFER A. SHAKER, MOHAMMED R. MAHMOUD AND NASSER F. SHACHAI [Effect of humic and fulvic acids on the yield and quality traits of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 32-37 (2025). Department of Field Crops Sciences Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq *(e-mail: haiderrezaq2017@mu.edu.iq; **e-mail Jaberalardy@mu.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Humic acid enhances plant growth by improving enzyme activity, cell division, and root development, leading to higher biomass production. It also increases nutrient availability, buffers soil pH fluctuations, and prevents nutrient leaching. This study explores the impact of humic and fulvic acids on maize yield and quality to optimize their agricultural benefits. A field experiment on organic fertilizers was conducted during the spring season of 2022 in the Al-Hatra district, approximately 40 km from the city, by the Department of Field Crops Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. The factorial experiment included two factors. The first factor consisted of four maize cultivars (Zp, Maha, Forat, and Kaws), all of which are officially approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and sourced from the Agricultural Research Department, Maize Section. The second factor involved foliar application of four levels of organic fertilizer (a mixture of humic and fulvic acids) at rates of 10, 20, and 30 L/ha, in addition to a control treatment (no application). The results of the statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the levels of humic and fulvic acid application. The foliar application of 30 L/ha outperformed other treatments, achieving the highest values for 1000-seed weight (379.9 g), protein content (9.11%), and oil content (5.32%). Among the maize cultivars, Forat exhibited the longest ear length, averaging 20.98 cm, while Kaws recorded the highest 1000-seed weight (374.7 g) and grain yield (8.089 t/ha). Regarding the interaction effects, the combination of the highest application level (30 L/ha).
6. B. BOZÓKI*, H. KHAEIM, A. HAJ SGHAIER, Z. KENDE, Z. BALLA, G. P. KOVÁCS AND Cs. GYURICZA [Effect of temperature stress on seed germination and growth index of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 38-45 (2025). 1Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Páter Károly Street 1, 2100 Gödöllo, Hungary *(e-mail: Bozoki.Boglarka@phd.uni-mate.hu)
ABSTRACT
Temperature stress significantly affects seed germination and seedling development by disrupting physiological and biochemical processes in peanuts and chickpeas. Understanding these effects is crucial for improving germination efficiency, optimizing seedling establishment, and developing stress-tolerant crops, which are essential for ensuring agricultural productivity under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, this study, conducted in 2023, examines the germination and seedling development of peanut and chickpea seeds under abiotic stress. Temperature ranges of 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – and 45 0C were used. Temperature significantly influenced the germination percentage, germination duration, and seedling development of both crops. The ideal level for peanuts is 25 °C, with a range from 20 to 30 °C. The ideal temperature for the laboratory experiment of chickpeas is 20 Celsius degrees, with a more comprehensive range from 15 to 20 °C. Lower temperatures affect the seedling development rate and germination, while higher temperatures negatively impact germination percentage. This study is unique due to its focus on the crop, its comparison to other research, and the specific levels and types of abiotic stress applied.
7. T. A. Masenya*, B.C. Masilela, A. M. Thukwana, S. Mankge, M. K. Maduna and L. Letsoalo [Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the growth of soybean (Glycine max L.) under saline stress conditions]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 46-51 (2025). Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga Private Bag X11283, Mbombela, South Africa *(email: tamasenya@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Global warming has resulted in the presence of elevated salt concentrations in soils, which hinders crop productivity. The scarcity of land areas suitable for cultivating crucial crops in regions with low saline concentrations is a significant concern. Recent research has demonstrated the rising dependence on the use of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) as an option to increase crop adaption to salinity stress. Two separate experiments were undertaken in March-May and September-November in 2023 to investigate if AMF might boost soybean growth under saline stress conditions. The experiments were arranged as a 4 × 4 factorial design with four geometric series of NaCl: CaCl2 (3:1) of artificial chloride salinity levels: 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 dS/m and four levels of AMF: 0,10, 20 and 30 g/pot in a RCBD, with 4 replications. Sixty days after the commencement of treatments application, AMF and salt interaction had a significant impact on stem diameter and dry root mass, accounting for 11.07 and 5.67% of the total treat variation (TTV) in Experiment 1, while in Experiment 2, treatments had a significant impact on number of branches and number of pods contributing 3.98 to 6.01% of the TTV. The AMF and salt interaction also had a significant impact on soil EC, accounting for 5.12% of the TTV in Experiment 1, with no significant effect observed in Experiment 2. The utilization of AMF is a viable remedy and may foster improved productivity under climate variability.
8. PALVI DOGRA AND SARVJEET KUKREJA* [Integrated effects of salicylic acid, hydrogel and sulphur on rapeseed growth under water-scarce conditions]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 52-60 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India *(e-mail: sarvjeetkukreja@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Maintaining global rapeseed production in the face of water scarcity necessitates creative techniques to improve crop adaptability. Since rapeseed requires substantial water and conventional irrigation methods are unsustainable, enhancing water usage efficiency is essential for sustaining production. As water scarcity poses a substantial challenge, there is an urgent necessity for sustainable strategies, including the application of bio-regulators such as salicylic acid, hydrogel, and sulphur, to improve rapeseed yield in water-restricted environments, thereby safeguarding food security and agricultural sustainability. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of Lovely Professional University during the rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 to evaluate the performance of various sulphur sources in conjunction with salicylic acid and hydrogel treatment. The experiment utilized a split-plot design featuring 24 treatments, incorporating gypsum, bentonite sulphur, and elemental sulphur as distinct sulphur sources, alongside the application of hydrogel and salicylic acid during the blooming and pod development stages. The application of gypsum, among various sulphur sources, resulted in notable enhancements in growth and yield parameters, including plant height (175.74 cm), number of branches per plant (23.10), dry matter production (250.21 g), root length (8.83 cm), root dry weight (63.17 g), leaf area index (6.47), 1000-seed weight (4.38 g), siliqua length (5.42 cm), and siliquae per plant (354.07) compared to all other treatments. The treatment involving the application of hydrogel (2.5 kg/ha) and salicylic acid (150 ppm) at both 50% flowering and 50% pod formation phases demonstrates the most favorable outcomes for growth and yield parameters. The blend of gypsum and hydrogel at 2.5 kg/ha, combined with salicylic acid at 150 ppm during 50% flowering and 50% pod formation, demonstrates superior outcomes for both growth and yield parameters observed in the study.
9. GUMPI KABAK AND ANAYTULLAH SIDDIQUE* [Optimizing linseed yield potential through morpho-phenological trait alignment using KNO3, humic acid, and sulphur under irrigation scheduling]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 61-67 (2025). Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India *(e-mail: anaytullahsiddique@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Linseed is a dual-purpose crop valued for its flax, oil, and rich content of dietary fiber, protein, and Omega-3 fatty acids, with significant demand in industries like paint and medicine. Optimizing morphological and phenological growth through effective irrigation scheduling, along with seed priming using KNO3, humic acid, and sulphur, is essential for enhancing yield potential, especially under water scarcity. Therefore, this study was conducted at the Research Farm of Lovely Professional University during the Rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24. To achieve the goal a comprehensive approach was used to align the morpho-phenological traits of linseed mediated by irrigation schedule, seed priming with potassium nitrate, humic acid as a foliar, and sulphur as a soil amendment. Combinations of these treatments were arranged in a Split Plot Design and replicated thrice with one variety of LC 2063. Results obtained from the study indicated that the application of potassium nitrate and humic acid with two irrigations at critical stages was recorded as statistically significant (p=0.05) for the plant height (73.3and 76.6 cm), fresh weight (24 and 25.3 g/plant), dry matter accumulation (6.3 and 6.7 g/plant), leaf area (298 and 316 cm2 /plant), leaf area index (0.66 and 0.75), crop growth rate (119 and 123 mg/m2 /day), relative growth rate (0.063 and 0.056 g/g /day) net assimilation rate (329 and 259 g/m2/day at 90 DAS), test weight (6.9 and 7.5 g) grain yield (12.5 and 13.3 q/ha) and total chlorophyll content (3.1 and 3.0 mg/g at 45 DAS). Overall, this study confirmed the significance of the treatment combination in aligning the morpho-physiological traits and enhancing the partitioning of carbohydrates thus test weight and grain yield improved which underscores a positive sign of yield potential.
10. Fakorede B. M.*, Babalola T. S., Ajayi S. O. and Fasina A. S. [Influence of iron and manganese forms on pedogenesis in residual soils of the Savanna ecosystem]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 68-75 (2025). Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria *(e-mail: bolajiofgod@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Soil formation in the Savanna region is a complex process influenced by various factors, with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) playing significant roles in pedogenesis. Understanding how these elements affect soil structure, nutrient availability, and weathering intensity is essential for improving soil management and boosting agricultural productivity. This study investigates the influence of Fe-Mn forms on pedogenesis in residual soils within this region. Soil samples were collected from various pedogenic horizons at the study sites and analyzed in the laboratory. The major methods used to assess soil formation and development included Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate extractable iron and manganese (Fed and Mnd), Ammonium Oxalate-extractable iron and manganese (Feox and Mnox), and Sodium Pyrophosphate-extractable iron and manganese (Fep and Mnp). The results indicate varying values of Fed, Feox, Fep, Mnd, Mnox, Mnp, and their active ratios (Feox/Fed and Mnox/Mnd) across the pedons. Higher values obtained using the Fep method suggest that it extracted more Fe and Mn than Fed and Feox (Fep > Fed > Feox). However, higher concentrations of Mnd and Mnp were observed at the surface horizons in all pedons at Erinmope-Ekiti (Southern Guinea Savanna) compared to Ikole-Ekiti and Oye-Ekiti (Derived Savanna), indicating a greater degree of soil formation and pedogenically older soils. Therefore, higher concentrations of Fe-Mn forms accelerate pedogenesis, while lower concentrations result in slower soil development. The study also suggests that Fe-Mn forms strongly influence soil pH and nutrient availability, further shaping soil formation and development.
11. Fakorede B M*, Babalola T S, Ilori A O A, Fasina A S and Shittu O S [Mineralogical characterization of soils in the Savanna ecosystem]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 76-85 (2025). Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria *(e-mail: bolajiofgod@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The mineralogical composition of soil plays a crucial role in determining soil fertility and agricultural potential. Given the highly weathered and nutrient-poor nature of Savanna soils, understanding their mineralogical composition is essential for developing sustainable land management strategies that enhance nutrient availability, support crop production, and improve long-term agricultural productivity in the region. This study investigates the mineralogical composition of soils in the Savanna region across three locations: Ikole (IK), Oye (OY), and Erinmope (ER). These locations have distinct climatic conditions that influence mineral weathering and soil properties. Fieldwork involved sampling from profile pits across these sites, followed by laboratory analyses, including particle size distribution, pH, organic carbon, and exchangeable cations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the mineralogical composition. The primary minerals identified in all pedons included quartz, along with traces of orthoclase (K-feldspar), albite (Na-feldspar), and muscovite (mica), which varied across different soil profiles and depths. Kaolinite, a secondary mineral, was also present as a product of the weathering of feldspars and aluminosilicate minerals. The findings revealed that kaolinite dominates the soils in Ikole, indicating intense weathering and leaching typical of tropical climates, which contribute to moderate soil fertility. In contrast, Oye soils exhibited a higher presence of quartz, reflecting significant physical weathering. In Erinmope, quartz dominated the surface horizons, while kaolinite increased with depth, alongside iron oxides such as hematite and goethite, suggesting prolonged weathering processes. These variations in mineral composition significantly influence soil structure, nutrient-holding capacity, and response to agricultural practices. This study contributes to the development of sustainable agricultural practices, soil conservation strategies, and ecosystem sustainability.
12. K. M. POFU* AND P. W. MASHELA [Inter-efficacy effects of Velum, Biocult and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide on the suppression of Meloidogyne enterolobii in potato under field conditions]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 86-93 (2025). University of Limpopo, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, Republic of South Africa *(email: kgabo.pofu@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) does not have genotypes that are resistant to the root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and thus, were effectively managed using fumigant synthetic chemical nematicides. Since the withdrawal of the products from the agrochemical markets due to their environment-unfriendliness, Meloidogyne enterolobii (Yang & Eisenback) has emerged as a serious threat in crop rotation systems intended to manage this pest. A wide range of alternative products, viewed as being environment-friendly, are being investigated against Meloidogyne species on various crops, but with limited inter-efficacy comparisons. Thus, it was against the stated backdrop that an experiment was carried out to investigate the inter-efficacy comparison of Velum (a.i., fluopyram), Biocult (a.i. Glomus + Trichoderma spp.) and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide (a.i., cucurbitacin B) on the suppression of M. enterolobii in potato under field conditions. The initial nematode population density (Pi) averaged 13 J2/250 ml soil subsample, therefore necessitating augmentation with 100 eggs + J2 M. enterolobii in the furrow with potato tubers, with each treatment applied according to label instruction around randomly selected potato tubers, prior to covering with soil. At harvest, the treatments had significant (P 0.05) effects on eggs in root, juveniles in root and reproductive potential (RP), contributing 88, 73 and 93% in total treatment variation of the respective variables. Relative to untreated control, Velum reduced eggs in root, juveniles in root and RP by 100 38 and 62%, respectively. Biocult reduced the respective variables by 42, 37 and 71%. Similarly, Nemarioc-BL phytonematicide reduced the respective variables by 67, 70 and 48%. Although inter-efficacy variation in eggs and juveniles in root was significant (P < 0.05), such variation was not significant on reproductive potential, with all test products significantly reducing nematode variables when compared to untreated control. In conclusion, Velum, Biocult and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had comparable inter-efficacy effects on the suppression of M. enterolobii in potato and each product could be used in the management of nematode population densities in potato under field conditions.
13. GUNGUN WIGUNA*, ANAS ANAS, ANNE NURAINI, ERNI SUMINAR, AHMAD ZAELANI, IMAS MINTARSIH AND SYARIFUL MUBAROK [Influence of parental background on growth, fruit size and shelf life in F1 NIL Sletr1-2 tomatoes]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 94-100 (2025). Research Center for Horticulture, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia *(e-mail: gung001@brin.go.id)
ABSTRACT
Sletr1-2 is a tomato mutant known for its extended fruit shelf life, making it a valuable genetic resource for plant breeding programs. However, its small fruit size limits its commercial viability. To address this limitation, NIL Sletr1-2 has been developed, integrating the long shelf-life trait of Sletr1-2 with improved fruit size, offering new opportunities for commercial tomato production and genetic improvement. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the growth, and fruit shelf life of three generations of F1 NIL-Sletr1-2 tomatoes generation. NIL Sletr1-2 tomatoes were crossed with three commercial tomato varieties, namely Costoluto, Oxheart, and Sart Roloise to obtain the F1 generation. The results showed that there were differences in growth and yield characteristics of the three generations of F1 NIL Sletr1-2. NIL Sletr1-2 crossed with Oxheart produced the tallest plants and the most flowers, but lower leaf number, while the largest fruit was obtained from NIL Sletr1-2 crossed with Sart Roloise. NIL Sletr1-2 crossed with Sart Roloise and Oxheart had a longer fruit shelf life, which was 6.47 and 6.60 days longer than Costoluto. The addition of exogenous ethylene did not significantly affect the decrease in fruit shelf life of the three F1 NIL Sletr1-2 generations.
14. Avin Ashitesh Prasad*, Deeksha Krishna AND H. K. Sachan [Effects of NPK mineral fertilizer alone and in combination with organic sources on growth, yield and yield characteristics of capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) under polyhouse conditions in Central Fiji]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 101-106 (2025). 1Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus, P.O. Box 1544, Fiji *(e-mail: avin.prasad@fnu.ac.fj.)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at Fiji National University’s Koronivia Campus to evaluate the effects of NPK fertilizer alone and in combination with organic sources on capsicum growth and yield. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments-T1- NPK (100%), T2- NPK (50%) + Poultry manure mesh (PMM) (50%NPK), T3- NPK (50%) + Fish Emulsion fertilizer (FEF) (50%NPK), T4- NPK (50%) + Liquid organic fertilizer (50%NPK) and T5- Control (No application of fertilizer combinations) was replicated four times. Capsicum variety Yolo Wonder B was grown under polyhouse conditions, and growth parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, SPAD values and yield and yield attributes were recorded. The treatment combining 50% NPK with poultry manure (T2) consistently outperformed all other treatments in terms of plant height (49.00 cm), leaf area (1864.2 cm²), number of fruits per plant (6.25), and yield (15.18 t/ha). Poultry manure improved nutrient availability, leading to higher plant growth, higher SPAD values and fruit yield. The study confirms that the integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers increases capsicum productivity and improves soil health.
15. Ndivhuho Mutshekwa*, Maboko S. Mphosi and Happy Bango [Response of nutritional water productivity in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds to irrigation interval]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 107-115 (2025). University of Limpopo, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mutshekwan@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Nutritional water productivity (NWP), which quantifies nutrition in produce per volume of water, is an approach for providing empirical information on incidents of malnutrition as affected by various cultural practices in crop production. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation interval on NWP in okra seeds under warm-arid regions. Hardened-off okra seedlings were transplanted under field conditions and subjected to 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-day irrigation interval, with 2 000 ml tapwater/seedling. At 59 days after transplanting, pods were harvested and pods shelled, with seed samples prepared for NWP-related tests. Pods were dried at 60 for 72 h for dry matter determination. Irrigation interval had highly significant effects on yield, evapotranspiration (ETa) and water use efficiency (WUE), contributing 75, 96 and 87% in total treatment variation of the respective variables. Relative to Day-2, yield and WUE were significantly higher on Day-8, but were not significantly different to those in Day-14. However, ETa was significantly higher on Day-2 than in all other irrigation intervals. Irrigation interval had highly significant effects on NWP of Ca, K, Mag, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na and Zn, contributing from 84 to 89% in total treatment variation on the respective variables. Relative to Day-2, Day-8 NWP variables were significantly higher than those at lower or higher irrigation intervals, where NWP values were significantly reduced. In conclusion, results in the current study suggested that Day-8 irrigation interval was suitable for improving NWP of okra under existing conditions.
16. Assima Firdoos, Praveen Guleria and Vineet Kumar* [Effect of sodium chloride mediated salt stress on seedling vigour and growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown in hydroponics]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 116-123 (2025). Department of Botany, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Jalandhar – Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara-144411 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: vineetkumar22@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Salinity is a major abiotic stressor that has been reported to affect 900 million hectares of cultivated land and induce agricultural loss of more than $25 million per year. Okra is a vital annual vegetable crop grown globally in 2.5 million hectares of land. Further, it is a crop sensitive to a variety of abiotic stresses including salt stress, making it important to reveal the effect of salt stress on the morphological and biochemical parameters of okra. In view of this, the present study was conducted from May 2023 to July 2024 at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India to determine the effect of variable NaCl concentrations; 25, 50, 75 mM, on the morphological and biochemical aspects of okra in hydroponics. Results indicated that the salinity stress reduced the growth attributes including shoot length (15-49%), root length (24-61%) and fresh weight (19-61%) as compared to the control. The physiological attributes such as photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll a, 11-34%; Chlorophyll b, 15-38%; and Carotenoids, 8-29%), carbohydrates (25-45%), and total proteins (23-50%) content were also diminished by salinity stress. Moreover, the accumulation of enzymatic parameters, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, and the non-enzymatic components including phenol and flavonoids triggered the antioxidant system in okra seedlings to regulate the salinity stress.
17. TSEKE PONTSHO*, MPHOSI MABOKO AND MAILA YVONNE [Seed production and seedling establishment of wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) in response to various growing media]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 124-131 (2025). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: Pontsho.tseke@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Erratic seedling emergence and poor stand establishment in most domesticated horticultural crops are affected by, amongst other factors; high temperatures, excess electrical conductivity, poor water holding capacity, and pH. Selection of an appropriate growth medium, which provides suitable environmental conditions for germination and subsequent seedling emergence is critical for a good stand establishment. The objective of this study was to evaluate various growth media for proper seedling establishment and emergence of the wild watermelon Cucumis lanatus var. citroides grown in a shade house. Four different growth media were used, namely; Hutton soil (control), Hygromix, Compost and Culterra seedling mix, which served as treatments. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates (n = 12). At 14 days after establishing the treatments, emergence percentage (EP %), mean emergence time (MET) (days) and emergence rate index (ERI) (seeds/d) were determined. Treatment had highly significant (P 0.01) effects on MET (days) and ERI (seeds/d), however, no significant (P 0.05) effect was observed in EP %. Relative to Hutton soil (EP: 84%), highest EP % was achieved in seeds planted in Hygromix (93.3%), followed by Cultera seedling mix (93.0%) and Compost (92.3%). The earliest seedling emergence (MET: 1.58 days) was obtained in seeds planted in the Culterra seedling mix, whereas the late emergence (MET: 1.80 days) was achieved in seeds planted in Compost growth medium when compared to Hutton soil. Similarly, the fastest seedling emergence was noticed in the Culterra seedling mix with the highest ERI of 26.6 seeds/d, when compared to Compost with a delayed rate of emergence of 21.7 seeds/d. Therefore, the Culterra seedling mix growth medium proved effective in all the parameters tested to be a suitable growth medium for seedling establishment of the wild watermelon, C. lanatus var. citroides seeds in this study.
18. SANTI ROSNIAWATY*, MIRA ARIYANTI, SYARIFUL MUBAROK, RIJA SUDIRJA, ANNISA LUGINA RACHMAN, DHEA SEPTIANI AND ZUHAL MUHAMMAD HAMIS [Impact of elicitor applications and planting distances on growth and phytochemical properties of Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 132-137 (2025). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: santi.rosniawaty@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
The pith of the Sappanwood wood stem is widely recognized for its benefits as a traditional medicinal ingredient, requiring a wide stem diameter and high phytochemical content to maximize its potential. Large stem diameters can be achieved through optimal plant spacing, while high phytochemical content can be enhanced by applying growth regulators like salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response and phytochemicals (phenolic and flavonoid) of Sappanwood plants after being given SA and MeJA at different planting distances. The experimental design used was a Split Plot Design, with planting distance (J) as the main plot and elicitors (P) as the sub-plot. The planting distance factor levels were J1 = 1m × 1m, J2 = 2m × 2m cm, J3 = 3m × 3m. The Elicitor factor levels were H0 = Without elicitor, H1 = SA 200 ppm, and H2 = MeJA 300 ppm. The experiment showed that planting distance and elicitor application had separate effects on the growth and chemical content of Sappanwood plants. The 1 m × 1 m planting distance gave the smallest canopy coverage, while SA helped increase stem diameter the most. There was an interaction between planting distance and elicitors for total phenolic and flavonoid content. The best results for these compounds came from using a 1 m × 1 m planting distance with MeJA. This shows that choosing the right planting distance and elicitor can improve both growth and chemical content in Sappanwood plants.
19. Happy Bango*, Maboko S. Mphosi, Kagiso G. Shadung and Ndivhuho Mutshekwa [Influence of primary nutrients on the essential and non-essential mineral elements of Jatropha zeyheri tea under greenhouse conditions]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 138-146 (2025). 1Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station, University of Limpopo Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: bangohappy@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The application of NPK fertilizer can have stimulative, neutral, or inhibitory effects on the accumulation of essential and non-essential nutrient elements in plants. Investigating these responses under controlled conditions provides novel insights into nutrient dynamics, enabling precise nutrient management strategies to enhance plant growth, resilience, and resource-use efficiency. Therefore, this study’s objective was to evaluate NPK fertilizer’s effect on essential and non-essential mineral elements in J. zeyheri leaf tissues. Six treatments constituting NPK fertilizer rates (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 g) were arranged in RCBD, with 5 replications. Essential and non-essential mineral elements were determined using the ICPE-9000 instrument. Treatments were initiated a week after transplanting, and 130 days after that, NPK fertilizer rates had significant effects on essential mineral elements Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Zn and Mn contributing 62, 44, 58, 70, 56 and 45% in TTV, respectively. Significant effects were observed on non-essential mineral elements, Al, Na and Cd contributing 72, 42 and 62% in TTV, respectively. The results of the current study have shown that J. zeyheri leaf tissues are a great source of essential and non-essential nutrient elements. Fertilizer requirements for J. zeyheri tea leaf tissues were optimized at 2.77 and 2.48 g fertilizer mixture/plant for essential and non-essential mineral elements, which translates to 28 and 25 kg NPK fertilizer mixture/ha, respectively.
20. Khakimov Albert Akhmedovich*, Gulmurodov Riskibay Abdievich, Khidirov Sanjar Yusufovich, Mamiev Mukhiddin Salomovich and Jumanazarov Gayrat Khusanovich [Evaluation of chemical and biological fungicides for controlling brown leaf blotch in horse chestnut nurseries]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 147-153 (2025). 1Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan *(e-mail: alp.lentinus@googlemail.com)
ABSTRACT
Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) seedlings are affected by brown Leaf Blotch caused by the fungus Guignardia aesculi (Peck) Stewart. The sprouts and seedlings of horse chestnut are more susceptible to the disease. It is necessary to effectively protect sprouts and seedlings from the damage by diseases during the stages of plant development. Timely treatment of plants with modern systemic fungicides allows them to keep their leaves and shoots healthy, which allows the normal process of photosynthesis in plants, resulting in stable growth and development of plants. Experiments were conducted to test synthetic chemical fungicides and biofungicides belonging to the group of triazoles and strobilurins against brown Leaf Blotch disease in one- and two-year-old seedlings of horse chestnut. Treatments with fungicides were carried out in the nurseries in 3 replications for each option, the biological efficiency of the used preparations was determined by comparing the disease severity with the control option. None of the fungicides tested in the experiment showed biological efficiency higher than 75 per cent. Among the fungicides, relatively high biological efficiency was noted for the preparations Rayok EC (67.8% and 74.6%) and Altis SC (66.3% and 73.4%). Biofungicides Orgamika C, Fitosporin and Orgamika F did not show high biological efficiency (15.2-29.6%) against Guignardia Leaf Blotch. It was found that the disease severity of Guignardia brown Leaf Blotch of Horse chestnut was higher in the Angren district than in the Zangiata district of the Tashkent region.
21. KYOUNG-SUN SEO AND KYEONG WON YUN* [In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts from three Bupleurum plants]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 154-159 (2025). Department of Oriental Medicine Resources Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea *(e-mail: ykw@scnu.ac.kr)
ABSTRACT
Bupleuri Radix (Bupleurum spp. root) is one of the traditional medicine resources in Korea, China and Japan. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity four extracts of three Bupleurum plants (Bupleurum falcatum, Bupleurum latissimum and Bupleurum falcatum ‘Mishima’) by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The ethyl acetate extract obtained from the three Bupleurum plants was shown higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than the other extracts. The tested four extracts of B. latissimum, an endemic species of Korea, were observed high DPPH radical scavenging activity compared with the other two plants. The highest total polyphenolic content was found in the B. latissimum. The B. falcatumm ‘Mishima’ was shown lower total polyphenolic content than the other two plants. This result suggests that the Bupleurum latissimum can be used as a natural antioxidant resource.
22. HOAN NGUYEN VAN, DUC TRAN THANH, HIEN PHAN THI AND LAM NGUYEN HO* [Evaluation of propagation methods using seeds and cuttings in Solanum procumbens (Lour.)]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 160-166 (2025). 1University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University 102 Phung Hung Str, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam *(e-mail: nholam@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Solanum procumbens (Lour) is a high-economic, valuable medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties, with its planting area rapidly expanding. As the demand for standard seedlings increases, this study aims to optimize seed and cutting propagation methods to enhance seedling production and meet market needs. To determine the appropriate seed and cutting treatment measures in Solanum procumbens propagation to create standard seedlings to meet practical requirements, we conducted a study on seed soaking with hot water, GA3 solution and Altonik 1.8 SL, using IBA concentrations combined with different types of cuttings. The results showed that soaking seeds in GA3 solution 20 ppm for six hours was most effective with a high germination rate (95.4%); the seedlings reached 14.09 cm height after 69.3 days after sowing meeting the standard criteria for seedlings to be planted. Treating semi-mature cuttings soaked in 500 ppm IBA solution for 60 seconds achieved the highest results with a high survival rate (83.0%) and 6.53 leaves/shoot at 60 days after planting satisfiing with the standard for practical cultivation. Therefore, Solanum procumbens can be propagated by both seeds and cuttings. The method of seed propagation by soaking in a 20 ppm GA3 solution for six hours should be applied. The method of semi-mature cuttings propagation by soaking in a 500 ppm IBA solution for 60 seconds is recommended.
23. I. V. Mogilevskaya* and O. O. Zholobova [Optimizing in vitro photoperiod for improved morphogenesis in smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.)]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 167-174 (2025). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: mogilevskaya-i@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
Cotinus coggygria thrives in temperate zones, adapting to dry, rocky soils and aiding afforestation. Its bioactive compounds have medicinal and agricultural applications. Optimizing in vitro photoperiod conditions is crucial for improving its propagation efficiency. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine whether photoperiod duration affects the morphogenesis of C. coggygria in vitro. Cultivation was carried out on a nutrient medium according to the Murashige and Scoog protocol (MS) and with the addition of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) at a concentration of 0.2 mg/L and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The study determined the growth characteristics of C. coggygria microshoots after 6 weeks of cultivation in controlled conditions. One-way ANOVA analysis and factorial analysis were used to determine the photoperiod’s effect on the studied parameters of microshoots on different media. According to the results, high growth indices for C. coggygria regenerants were at 20/4-hour photoperiod and can be used at the propagation stage on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA. The maximum percentage of rooted C. coggygria explants with a branched root system was obtained at an 8/16-hour photoperiod. To improve the efficiency of microclonal propagation technology and uniform development of the vegetative part of the shoots, we recommend using 8/16 h and 20/4 h photoperiods for full-fledged growth of the entire C. coggygria microshoots in vitr0 on 0.5 IBA medium.
24. ALIYA KHUZHAKHMETOVA* AND PETR KUZMIN [ISSR analysis for the evaluation of shrub polymorphism in the genus Corylus L.]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 175-180 (2025). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Forest Reclamations of the Russian Academy of Science (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: avfanc@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
In this study the genetic polymorphism of Corylus avellana and C. pontica cultivars in the collections of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd region, Russia (cadastre No. 34:36:000014:177; No. 34:34:000000:122) was evaluated using ISSR-primers. The results of two methods of DNA isolation from young leaves are presented: 1. D-Plants kit for DNA isolation from plants, Biolabmix according to the protocol; 2. Modified method with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with 0.2% -mercaptoethanol. A large proportion of primers (74%) showed no differences in DNA methylation levels, which can be explained by their low specificity. Only 6 (UBC807, UBC811, UBC826, UBC835, UBC841, UBC890) of the 23 primers showed clear and interpretable bands. They may be useful for breeding work to separate hazelnut genotypes and cultivars. Primer UBC811 showed the maximum number (11) of loci in the spectrum, of which 8 were polymorphic, with loci lengths ranging from 250-1230 base pair. The polymorphism level ranged from 33.3 to 72.7%. Of the recommended 6 primers, the UBC807 primer ranked second in terms of the number of polymorphic loci, with UBC890 ranking last. Comparative evaluation of the results concerning the number of bands on primers UBC811 and UBC826 in scientific works of other researchers showed that they were generally comparable. The detected polymorphism (16.67%) between C. pontica cultivars confirms their genetic relationship.
25. T. T. NGUYEN, T. D. H. TRUONG, T. D. TRAN AND T. T. H. HOANG* [Optimizing planting density for enhanced growth and yield of pennywort (Centella asiatica L.) in Central Vietnam]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 181-186 (2025). 3University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Pennywort is widely cultivated for its nutritional and medicinal benefits, yet optimal agronomic practices, particularly planting density, remain underexplored. Proper density management influences photosynthesis, microclimate, and yield. This study aims to determine the ideal planting density for maximizing pennywort productivity and quality in Hue, Vietnam. Field experiments were conducted to assess the responses of pennywort to different planting densities at Hue city, Central Vietnam in two cropping seasons in 2024. Six treatment combinations comprising four levels of inter (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and two levels of intra-row spacing (10 and 15 cm) were studied on the local pennywort variety. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, as well as the yield of pennywort, were significantly affected by the plant density (p<0.05). Increasing planting density increased the total fresh and dry biomass and yield of pennywort in both cropping seasons; however, it reduced the leaf area. The highest economic yield (7.87-8.01 t/ha) and total fresh biomass yield (9.05-9.25 t/ha) were obtained using 10×10 cm (100000 plants/ha). Hence, 10×10 cm could be used as the optimum plant spacing to grow the local pennywort variety in the respective cropping seasons in alluvial soil of Hue city, Central Vietnam.
26. Alaa A. J. AL-Behadili* [Allelopathic effect of maize residue on the growth of sunflower weeds]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 187-193 (2025). Department of Biotechnology, College of Science University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: alaa.abd@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Sunflower productivity in Iraq is hindered by weed competition, necessitating effective yet sustainable control methods. Integrating maize residues with herbicide applications may enhance weed suppression while improving soil properties. This study investigates the effect of incorporating maize residues and Metricam herbicide on weed growth in sunflower fields during 2024 at the University of Baghdad. Maize residues and Metricam herbicide were applied to the field soil at 50% and 75% of the recommended dose, individually and in combination. Additionally, two treatments were included: a full recommended herbicide dose and a weed-free control for comparative analysis. Maize residues and Metricam herbicide significantly reduced weed density and dry weight in sunflower fields, with the greatest suppression observed when combined. The 50% herbicide dose with Baghdad3 and Al-Maha residues achieved superior control (86 and 75%; 85 and 76%) compared to the full recommended dose (71 and 63%). The 75% herbicide dose with residues showed the highest inhibition (76% for Baghdad3, 69% for Al-Maha), outperforming the full-dose herbicide alone (45% for Al-Maha). Soil phenolic content peaked at two to four weeks post-application, coinciding with reduced weed germination. Applying 75% of the recommended Metricam dose with maize residues effectively suppressed weed growth in sunflower fields.
27. V. A. VEDENEEVA*, A. V. KOSHELEV, M. O. SHATROVSKAYA AND YU. N. POTASHKINA [Spatial variability of soil organic matter in the agroforestry system of the dry-steppe zone, Volgograd Region, Russia]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 194-201 (2025). 1Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: varusha-f@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Understanding the spatial variability of soil organic matter (OM) in agroforestry landscapes is crucial for optimizing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Protective forest belts significantly influence soil properties, yet their impact remains understudied. This research aims to assess OM distribution under agroforestry systems, addressing knowledge gaps in soil fertility management and precision farming. The study of the theory of spatial variability of soil organic matter in agroforestry landscapes is important for the improvement of precision farming technologies and the theory of yield programming. The present study was conducted during 2022-2024 at Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia to determine the influence of protective forest strips on the processes of spatial distribution of soil organic matter and quantitative assessment of variability of its content is an actual scientific direction for sustainable agriculture in the conditions of chestnut soils of the dry-steppe zone. Studies at the “Kachalino” test site in Volgograd, Russia, analyzed low-moist loamy soils and protective forest strips (planted 1985–1992). Key indicators, including tree height, species composition, and openness, were assessed. It was established that agroforest landscapes have three ecological zones differentiated by soil formation processes, which were identified at various distances from the forest belts. The first zone of intensive soil formation is located directly in the forest belt with an average soil OM content of 2.27%. The second zone, a zone of moderate soil formation, includes agrarian cenosis, spreads at a distance of up to 10H, has an average soil OM content of 1.55%. The third zone, the zone of weakly automorphous soil formation – includes agrarian cenoses at a distance of 15-20N from PFB, has an average value of 1.35%.
28. A. N. Madiyeva*, M. Yu. Ishmuratova, M. M. Silantiyeva, D. N. Shaikina and S. M. Bazarbaeva [Efficiency of PVS2 and DMSO cryoprotectants on germination of Sudan grass seeds (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf)]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 202-210 (2025). E. A. Buketov Karaganda University, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: madievaaida@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The sustainable preservation of valuable agronomic taxa is critical to addressing global challenges like climate change, which threaten agricultural productivity and food security. Sudan grass, a vital forage crop in arid regions, requires effective conservation methods to maintain its genetic integrity and availability for future use. Current storage techniques are inadequate, making cryopreservation essential for ensuring seed viability and long-term accessibility. An experiment to study Sudanese grass for seed germination was carried out from 2021 to 2023. The objects of the study include four varieties of Sudanese grass. The low concentrations of cryoprotectants of 5-20% were used in the study as some destructive effect on seeds was manifested at the higher concentrations. Despite this fact, the toxic effect of PVS 2 and some concentrations of DMSO was also observed. The results of the study showed that PVS 2 and cryopreservation, without a cryoprotectant, reduce the germination of seeds of the Sudanese grass in the Alina variety by 12% and 18%, respectively. As for the Nika variety, PVS 2 did not have a detrimental effect on seed germination, demonstrating the best germination among all variants (88%). Referring to the Tugai variety, a high germination rate of about 92-95% was observed in all variants of the experiment, which indicated the positive effect of cryoprotectants on the seeds of this particular variety. It has been observed that when studying morphological parameters, seed immersion without cryoprotectants contributed to an increase in the length of the coleoptile in the seedlings of all varieties. PVS2 has a significant reduction in root length by 7.89 cm in the Novosibirskaya 84 variety and by 5.65 cm in the Alina variety compared with the control. In the Tugai variety and Novosibirskaya 84 variety, the use of cryoprotectants affected a decrease in the leaf length compared with the control. Whereas for the Nika variety, cryoprotectants contributed to an increase in the length of the leaf plate. Thus, PVS 2 is recommended as a cryoprotectant for the Nika variety, as well as DMSO and PVS 2 for the Tugai variety to increase seed germination.
29. DARIA SAPRONOVA*, ALEXANDER BELYAEV, ALIYA KHUZHAKHMETOVA** AND VASILY SAPRONOV [Adaptation and seed reproduction of Pinus ponderosa in the dry steppes of Volgograd region, Russia]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 211-216 (2025). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Forest Reclamations of the Russian Academy of Science (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia (e-mail: *sapronova.darya@mail.ru; **avfanc@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
Pinus ponderosa, a prominent coniferous tree species native to North America, is valued for its robust adaptability, drought resistance, and ability to thrive in degraded soils such as chernozem and chestnut soils. Its introduction into artificial plantations offers significant advantages, including improved ecological stability, enhanced soil productivity, and strengthened protective and aesthetic functions of afforestation. To further test the introduction of Pinus species in the Volgograd region (Kamyshin, facilities of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) the present investigation was conducted from May 2023 to October 2024 to study the growing conditions and fruiting characteristics of Pinus ponderosa mother plantations. The first collection plot with Pinus ponderosa (1 generation), planted in 1939 (0.52 ha), was planted with seeds received from North America. The second collection plot with P. ponderosa (2nd generation), planted in 1978 (2.58 ha) was established from seeds from plants of the 1st generation. Long-term cultivation of Pinus ponderosa culture at the Nizhnevolzhskaya station for selection of tree species (coordinates 50.078957, 45.370560) testifies to its promising potential, as well as its wider application in artificial plantations. The aim is to study the peculiarities of Pinus ponderosa seedlings development at cassette cultivation taking into account the origin of seeds. Since other researchers found that the yellow pine is close to the Crimean pine by bioecological characteristics, we adapted the technology of cassette cultivation of this species. As a result, it was found that the origin of seeds did not have a reliable influence on the biometric parameters of seedlings. However, seed goodness had an effect on seedling yield. After autumn inventory, the yield of seedlings grown from P. ponderosa seeds (1st generation) was 68.4% and from P. ponderosa seeds (2nd generation) was 71.7%.
30. Mochamad Arief Soleh*, Intan Ratna Dewi Anjarsari and Amanda Diva Farisa [Optimizing growth performance of Robusta coffee seedlings through liquid Trichoderma application]. Research on Crops 26 (1): 217-222 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor Kab. Sumedang, West Java 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: m.arief@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
The use of Trichoderma spp. has been reported to promote plant growth by enhancing root development in propagated seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma application and determine the optimal concentration for improving the growth performance of Robusta coffee seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four Trichoderma concentration treatments: A (control), B (1%), C (2%), and D (3%), each with six replications, and four plants per replication. Growth parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot-to-root ratio, and chlorophyll content index, were measured. The application of Trichoderma significantly enhanced plant growth parameters compared to the control. Plant height increased by 17.6%, the number of leaves by 31.9%, stem diameter by 49.1%, and the shoot-to-root ratio by 31.1%. However, Trichoderma application did not significantly affect the chlorophyll content index. The highest growth improvement was observed in seedlings treated with 3% Trichoderma, particularly in plant height and stem diameter. Trichoderma application through the roots positively influences the growth of Robusta coffee seedlings, with the 3% concentration yielding the most significant benefits. These findings suggest that Trichoderma could be an effective bio stimulant for improving the early growth of Robusta coffee propagation.
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