Volume 25, No. 4 (December, 2024)

December 19, 2024 admin

1. CUCU SUHERMAN*, MELYN THERESIA DEBORA SAGALA, SANTI ROSNIAWATY AND SUSENO AMIEN [Impact of phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria on growth and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fields]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 535-539 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: cucu.suherman@unpad.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Oil palm is typically planted in wider spacing (9×9m), creating gaps that can facilitate weed growth but also provide opportunities for intercrops like upland rice. Inceptisols, commonly used for oil palm cultivation, often have low yield potential due to limited phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) content and acidic soil pH. This limitation can be addressed by applying a biofertilizer mixture of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria (NFB), which can enhance upland rice’s growth and yield. This study investigates the impact of various doses of a PSB and NFB mixture on the growth and yield of upland rice grown alongside oil palm. Conducted from January to May 2024 at the Ciparanje Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University. The research utilized a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six different treatment levels and four replications. The treatments involved applying different quantities of Pseudomonas sp. and Azotobacter sp. combined with carrier compost to the upland rice plants. The doses tested were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha. The results showed that the application of a mixture of PSB and NFB at a dose of 40 kg/ha was able to increase 33.48% of plant height, 38.14% of the number of leaves, 30% of the stomatal conductance index, and 32.91% of the number of grains per panicle of upland rice plants compared to without the application of a mixture of PSB and NFB. Meanwhile, intercropping upland rice on oil palm land did not affect the growth of oil palm plants.

2. AJAY KUMAR BAHELIYA*, NEERAJ KUMAR, RAM RATAN SINGH, RAJESH KUMAR AND ALOK KUMAR PANDEY [Impact of leguminous crop residues on rice performance in diverse cropping systems in the alluvial soils of eastern Uttar Pradesh]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 540-546 (2024). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Acharya Narendra Dev University of Agriculture & Technology Ayodhya-224229 (Uttar Pradesh), India *(e-mail: ajaybaheliya110125@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In eastern Uttar Pradesh, the traditional rice-wheat cropping sequence has been identified as a factor contributing to unsustainable agricultural practices, resulting in low productivity and returns for small and marginal farmers. Crop diversification presents a viable solution to enhance productivity and ensure food and nutritional security for these farmers. A field experiment conducted under the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, U.P., India, from 2019-20 to 2021-22, evaluated the growth, yield attributes, and production potential of rice under ten rice-based cropping systems under irrigated medium-land conditions. The systems assessed included rice-wheat-fallow, rice-wheat-greengram, rice-frenchbean-greengram, rice-gram-cowpea, rice-mustard-greengram, rice-linseed-blackgram, rice-berseem-sudanchari, rice-oat-maize + cowpea, rice-cauliflower-okra, and rice-potato-cowpea (vegetable). The legume-based systems significantly enhanced plant height, which was attributed to the higher nitrogen availability from the decomposition of legume residues. Legume-based systems showed an increase in the number of leaves per hill and LAI, reflecting improved vegetative growth. Effective tiller production was higher in these systems, which contributed to superior panicle length, grain count, and grain weight. Among these systems, rice-frenchbean-greengram and rice-gram-greengram consistently outperformed the conventional system in terms of yield attributes and the yield of grain and straw. The integration of legume crops into rice-based sequences can improve soil fertility, promote better vegetative growth, and enhance yield, thereby contributing to more sustainable and productive rice cultivation.

3. HAYDER ABID Al-RAZZAQ BAQIR, JAMAL WALEED MAHMOOD* AND MOHAMMED FAWZI HAMZA AL-HASSAN [Role of bio health extract on wheat growth according to Zadoks decimal scale]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 547-552 (2024). College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: jamal.waleed@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Combating climate change and promoting sustainability are agricultural experts’ priorities in Iraq. Using environmentally friendly fertilizers on strategic crops is considered a milestone for accomplishing that. This study aimed to determine the effect of Bio Health fertilizer spraying on some growth qualities of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences – University of Baghdad, during the winter season 2023-24. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates, and the experiment included two factors, the first in the main plots such as two wheat cultivars (Ibaa 99 and Adina), while the second factor in the secondary plots was spraying with Bio Health at concentrations of 800, 1600 and 2400 mg/L, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The results showed the superiority of the Ibaa 99 cultivar in plant height, the area of the flag leaf, the number of total branches, chlorophyll content, dry weight of the flag leaf, dry weight of the plant, crop growth rate and biological quotient with an increase of 3.64, 15.77, 5.01, 3.38, 7.33, 3.31, 3.34 and 5.73%, respectively. The results also showed the superiority of spraying with Bio Health at a concentration of 1600 mg/L compared to the comparative treatment, the number of total branches, the dry weight of the plant, the growth rate of the crop and the biological yield, with an increase of 28.39, 48.88, 13.21, 12.10 and 23.19%. As for the study’s two factors overlap, the results demonstrated a considerable superiority between the two qualities, the height of the plant as well as its dry weight, and the combination of Bio Health spraying at a concentration of 1600 mg/L for the Ibaa 99 cultivar achieved the highest averages.

4. NONG SELLO SIMON, KGOPA PHOLOSHO MMATEKO* AND OGOLA JOHN BOB OCHANDA [Maize-legume intercropping system improved soil quality under irrigated and rainfed conditions]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 553-559 (2024). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science, and Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: sellosimon96@gmail.com; pholosho.kgopa@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Maize monoculture, which predominates smallholder cropping systems in NE South Africa negatively affects soil quality. We assessed the effect of rainfed and irrigated maize-legumes intercropping systems (sole maize, sole chickpea, sole mungbean, maize+chickpea, maize+mungbean) on soil quality variables at Mankweng and Thohoyandou, South Africa in summer 2019/2020. Three soil samples were randomly collected from each plot at 0–20 cm depth after harvesting at both sites for the determination of bulk density (BD), aggregate stability (AS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), phosphorus (P), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), soil active carbon (SAC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). Intercropping affected pH, SOM, PMN, SOC, P, NH4+ and NO3-. Maize + chickpea (Thohoyandou and Mankweng) and maize + mungbean (Thohoyandou) exhibited higher NH4+ content than sole maize. NO3- was higher under intercropping compared to sole maize at both sites. Mungbean appeared to have greater effect on soil quality parameters than chickpea and intercropping was generally more beneficial under irrigated systems. Clearly, incorporation of legumes as intercrops in maize-based cropping systems may enhance soil productivity.

5. TADIBOINA GOPALA KRISHNA, SAGAR MAITRA, RAJESH SHRIRAM KALASARE, SUMIT RAY, ROMAN KUMAR MAHTO AND MASINA SAIRAM* [Influence of location-specific nutrient management and plant stand on the growth, productivity, and nutrient uptake of irrigated rabi maize (Zea mays L.)]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 560-569 (2024). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi-761 211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: sairam.masina@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Cereals are essential for global food security and serve as a primary source of dietary energy for 60% of the world’s population. Maize, among the prominent cereals, stands out as a highly adaptable crop with versatility across diverse agro-climatic zones, fulfilling demands for food, feed, and fodder worldwide. While progressive farmers often adhere to conventional fertilizer recommendations set by authorities, this practice can sometimes result in suboptimal productivity with a negative impact soil health over time. In this context, the Nutrient Expert (NE) can be considered an efficient decision support system for field-specific recommendations for precision nutrient management in maize. Plant density is a vital agronomic trait determining the grain yield of maize. Considering these, a field study was conducted for two consecutive years at the Post Graduate Research Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India (18.8° N latitude, 84.8° E longitude) during the rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24. the present research was conducted by adopting a split-plot design which comprised three main plot treatments with different levels of plant population (P1: 66666 plants/ha; P2: 83333 plants/ha; P3: 111111 plants/ha) and four sub-plot treatments consisting of nutrient management treatments (T1: 100 % RDF, T2: Nutrient Expert-based recommendation (NE) for a target yield of 6 t/ha, T3: NE for a target yield of 8 t/ha and T4: NE for a target yield of 10 t/ha). The experimental soil was sandy clay loam in texture with slightly acidic pH and low in available nitrogen and organic carbon, and medium in phosphorous and potassium. The results of the experiment revealed a significant difference among the growth parameters, yield attributing characters, yield and nutrient uptake of maize concerning plant population and nutrient levels. The study concluded that applying primary nutrients through NE @ 10 t/ha along with a plant population of 1,11,111 plants/ha could be chosen as the most suitable agronomic practice for improving growth and productivity in irrigated rabi maize under Odisha conditions.

6. Kapoor Preedhi, Joshi Ridhi, Kundan Maridul and Rakhra Gurmeen* [Intrinsic disordered nature and prediction of secondary structures of pinoresinol lariciresinol reductases 2 in Flax (Linum usitatissimum)]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 570-577 (2024). Department of Biochemistry Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144401 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: gurmeen.25169@lpu.co.in; drgurmeen1@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) contains a wide range of essential nutrients, such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), phenolic compounds, fibers, flavonoids, and lignans. The production of lignans in flax is mainly caused by pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases (PLRs). Amongst these, PLR2s play a pivotal function by contributing to the further reduction of lariciresinol to secoisolariciresinol in the biosynthesis of lignans. However, the in-silico analysis of PLR2 gene family interlinking the intrinsic disordered nature and secondary structures that could support this hypothesis is still missing in Flax. Herein, we present the first study of Intrinsic disorder proteins (IDPs) in flax to gain an understanding of their biological functions. This study was conducted from June to August 2024 at the Department of Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. The flax genome assembly from Phytozome was used to retrieve 30 PLR2 genes which encode for 30 PLR2 proteins. Further, we used PONDR database to identify the intrinsic disordered nature of the proteins while GOR database was used to predict the secondary structures. For identifying the amino acid composition, Protparam database was used. The results of PONDR database revealed that all the proteins are somewhat disordered whereas amino acid composition marked the presence of disorder-promoting residues in almost all the proteins. Secondary structure predictions by GOR revealed the presence of coils, helices and strands. To relate the structural functional relationship, it is of the utmost importance to have an in-depth knowledge of the balance between intrinsic disorder and secondary structure as this will provide key insights into the dynamic functionality and regulatory mechanisms that are the foundation of complex biological processes.

7. Anjali Kanwal, Indu Sharma, Raj Singh* and M. K. Rana [Nanotechnology for sustainability of agriculture and environment: Green synthesis and application of nanoparticles – A review]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 578-591 (2024). Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala (Haryana), India *(e-mail: dr.rajsingh09@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Moreover, with the continuous population increase worldwide, there is more demand of food and other daily necessities, which require double agriculture production to provide adequate food for humanity from the same available natural resources. Therefore, looking for new techniques to combat various challenges is instantly needed to sustain crop production and provide enough food for humanity. The use of nano-technology in agriculture field represents an important tool for consistent production of agriculture crops and assists farmers with new practice management systems such as precision agriculture systems, the aim of which is to increase productivity and reduce expenses. Nanotechnology plays an important role in altering agriculture food production. The particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm are accounted as nanoparticles, which usually have high surface energy, big surface area and quantum quarantine. Most notably, nanoparticles increase crop yield by increasing the effectiveness of agricultural inputs to enable site-targeted, controlled nutrient delivery, assuring the least amounts of agro-inputs needed. Additionally, the main aim in agricultural production is to facilitate plants’ faster adaptation to the increasingly severe climate change factors, such as high temperatures, low water availability, salinity, alkalinity and environmental pollution with heavy metals, without jeopardizing the delicate ecosystems that are currently in place. This review illustrates the effect of numerous nanoparticles on diverse plants of many concentrations, sizes and shapes. The molecular and genetic response to NPs, their method of action and their interactions with biomolecules should be the main areas of study in the future.

8. AMIRANGIA MORIRI, YVONNE MAILA* AND KAGISO SHADUNG [Plant growth regulator optimization for improved rooting efficiency in golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 592-597 (2024). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Private Bag x1106 Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa *(e-mail: yvonne.maila@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

The advancement of the kiwifruit industry in South Africa (SA), necessitates the development of other kiwifruit cultivars to supplement the Actinidia deliciosa kiwifruit. However, rooting difficulties are often experienced without the use of plant growth regulators. The effect of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) alone and in combination with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on rooting Actinidia chinensis stem cuttings was investigated. The study was conducted at Politsi Nursery, Tzaneen, Limpopo province of SA in 2021-22, mainly during winter months (May-August) for 120 days. In experiment 1, semi-hardwood stem cuttings were treated with 0 (control), 2500, 5000, 7500 and 10000 ppm IBA. In experiment 2, treatments comprised a combination of various IBA and a constant concentration of NAA, namely, 0 + 0 (control), 2500 + 1000, 5000 + 1000, 7500 + 1000 and 10000 + 1000 ppm, respectively. In experiment 1, the highest (90%) rooting percentage, highest dry root mass (0.45 g) and the longest (7.25 cm) root were obtained at 5000 ppm IBA. In experiment 2, the highest (80%) rooting percentage and number of roots (9.06) were observed at 7500 IBA + 1000 NAA ppm. In conclusion, the use of IBA alone proved its suitability for enhancing rooting percentage, dry root mass and longer root formation compared to IBA in combination with NAA.

9. Oleg S. Alexandrov*, Gennady I. Karlov and Dmitry V. Romanov [Comparative study of the 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacers in Lunario and Rosso varieties of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 598-604 (2024). All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology 127550 Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: olegsandrov@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) is a fruit plant that is widely grown in India and other countries with subtropical climates. The agricultural significance of lemon largely determines the high scientific interest in studying its genome. Such part of a genome as ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is often studied by geneticists with theoretical and applied purposes. In this work, sixteen non-transcribed spacers of the lemon 5S rDNA (8 from Lunario and 8 from Rosso varieties) were amplified with the universal 5S1/5S2 primers, purified, cloned in AT-vector, and sequenced. These sequences were processed, aligned and characterized for length, presence of mutations and distribution of different DNA motifs. Seven NTSs of the Lunario variety were 105 bp in length, and the eighth NTS was 77 bp because a large deletion was found in its start part. Five NTSs of the Rosso variety were 218 bp, two – 216 bp, and one – 185 bp in length. This short NTS has a 31 bp deletion in the middle part of the sequence. The emergence of typical 105 bp lemon NTSs from longer NTSs due to deletion has been suggested. The start-motif analysis and the search for poly-T, poly-C, poly-G and TATA-like motifs were carried out in the sequenced NTSs. Based on the obtained results, conclusions were made about the role of the CTCTTTT, CGCCGG, and GCGGC motifs in the appearance of deletions. Also, the results shed more light on the question of the origin of the Rosso variety. The knowledge obtained can be useful in the selection process involving lemon varieties and an analysis of citrus hybrids.

10. ALTYN KHASSEIN, GULNUR SULEIMANOVA*, NATALYA MALAKHOVA AND TEFIDE KIZILDENIZ [Grapes recovery from grapevine fan leaf virus by chemotherapy using salicylic acid]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 605-610 (2024). 1Kazakh National Agrarian Research University Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: gulnur.suleimanova@kaznaru.edu.kz)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of obtaining improved regenerants of Vitis vinifera L. grapes from fan leaf virus (FLV) using biotechnological methods. The parent plants were tested for viruses using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and the Taq PCR kit (New England Biolabs). The RT-PCR results showed the presence of FLV in Vitis vinifera L. variety Aisulu and its absence in the Medeo and Alma-Ata varieties. The recovery method is based on the use of apical meristem culture with a relative explant size of 0.1–0.2 mm and 0.8–1.0 mm in combination with chemotherapy, which was carried out on Murashige-Skoog medium with the addition of 30 mg/L salicylic acid for three passages in vitro. The work shows that the combination of apical meristem and chemotherapy provides high recovery of grape plants in vitro from FLV. The study was conducted in 2022-23 in the Plant Bioengineering Laboratory of the M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry.

11. S. BHARGAV KIRAN*, RAMESH KUMAR YADAV, SUMAN LATA AND AVINASH TOMER [DUS and biochemical characterization of okra wild species for crop improvement]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 611-617 (2024). Division of Vegetable Science ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India *(e-mail: sbhargav.kiran@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

The present study focused on assessing the morphological and biochemical variations among the cultivated and wild okra species at vegetable research farm, Indian Agricultural Research Institute in the year 2021-22 and it has been found that the wild species possess more amount beneficial traits viz; chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenol, moisture, mucilage, sugar, ascorbic acid when compared to the cultivated species. The mean performance of these quantitative characters differed significantly from cultivated species (Abelmoschus esculentus). Biochemical parameter values were found to be high in wild accessions and lowest in cultivated species. Among the various wild species of A. moschatus, such as IC-141055 and IC-141040, and wild accessions of A. tetraphyllus, including IC-90515 and IC-90746-1, these plants are characterized by their small, deeply serrated leaves. These traits contribute to reduced infestation rates of BYVMV (Bhindi Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus) and ELCV (Enation Leaf Curl Virus), as the compact leaf structure offers less space for vectors to thrive. Consequently, these species are promising candidates for breeders to consider in crop improvement programs.

12. Ndivhuho Mutshekwa* Maboko S. Mphosi2 and Happy Bango [Influence of irrigation intervals on essential nutrient content in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 618-625 (2024). University of Limpopo, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mutshekwan@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The influence of irrigation intervals on the accumulation of essential nutrients in okra seeds, especially those intended for coffee production, has not been thoroughly documented. This study aimed to investigate the effects of irrigation intervals on essential nutrient levels in okra seeds. By exploring how different irrigation schedules impact nutrient content, this research aims to optimize water use and enhance seed quality to meet the growing demand for nutrient-dense food products. The present study was conducted during late summer (December-January) 2022 and validated in 2023 at the Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence (GBRCE), University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa (23°53’10″S, 29°44’15″E). Okra seedlings were subjected to irrigation intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days, with each interval replicated 10 times. Each seedling received 2,000 mL of tap water per irrigation. At 59 days after transplanting, pods were harvested and shelled, with seed samples prepared for the determination of malnutrition essential element tests. Calcium, K, Mg, and P versus irrigation interval exhibited quadratic relations with the model explained by 80, 78, 79, and 77% associations, respectively. Similarly, Cu, Fe, Na, Mn, and Zn versus irrigation interval exhibited quadratic relations, with the model explained by 71, 86, 79, 81, and 68% associations, respectively. Using x = –b1/2b2 relation, the average optimal irrigation intervals for macro and micronutrient elements were 9 and 8 days, respectively, with the average suggesting that the Day-8 irrigation interval was suitable for improving malnutrition essential elements of okra seeds under field conditions.

13. SANTOSH DT, SAGAR MAITRA*, MASINA SAIRAM AND DINKAR J GAIKWAD [Onion growth, yield and water productivity as influenced by irrigation levels under drip irrigation and plastic mulch]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 626-634 (2024). Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302 (West Bengal), India *(e-mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

In the current agricultural circumstances, when farmers are struggling to find enough water for irrigation and want to maximize their production by enhancing water productivity, drip irrigation is one of the most important methods. By reducing water and nutrient losses, the application of plastic mulch combined with drip watering can maximize onion yield. A field study was carried out in the Precision Farming Development Center’s experimental field at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, from November to March of two consecutive seasons (2022–23 and 2023–24) to evaluate the optimum water needed to achieve the maximum yield under subsurface drip irrigation. The objective of the study was to determine the optimum crop water requirement for onion under plastic mulch and subsurface drip irrigation. The growth, yield, quality and water productivity response of onion under different level of irrigation using subsurface drip and plastic mulch also studied. The result showed that biometric parameters for onion under 100% irrigation water requirement along with plastic mulch (T2) was greater among all the treatments for both years with plant height (71 cm), number of leaves (13.3), bulb diameter (6.6 cm), bulb weight (126 g) and onion marketable yield (36.7 t/ha). These results were followed by treatment with 80% of water requirement using drip along with mulch. However, the biometric, yield and quality parameters of treatment 80% of water requirement using drip along with mulch were not statistically significant with the treatment 100% of water requirement using drip along with mulch. Therefore, study concluded that the treatment with 80% of water requirement using drip along with mulch might be recommended to achieve statistically on par onion yield in comparison to the yield of treatment T2 using optimum crop water requirement under subsurface drip irrigation and plastic mulch.

14. BAHRAN KNFE YAKOB* AND GINS MURAT SABIROVICH [Role of Albitbr bio-stimulant application on growth, yield and quality characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars under open field conditions]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 635-640 (2024). Department of Agro-biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Rudn University, Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: bahranknfe@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Climate change coupled with the indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are causing tremendous challenges on the production potentials of crops and also health of the people of the world. As part of the sustainable production strategy, the current study was conducted at the experimental station Vniccok, Russia during summer of 2024 using a bio-stimulant “Albitbr on tomato crop. In the experiment, four different cultivars were treated with seven different doses of the bio-stimulant (control, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 50 L/ha). The highest significant leaf area (115.23 cm2) and yield of tomato fruits (83.35 t/ha) were obtained from Fenaric and Malets cultivars, respectively. Application of the bio-stimulant also resulted in a significant effect on leaf area, total yield, titratable acidity (TA) as well as total soluble solids (TSS)/TA with the highest leaf area (119.88 cm2), total yield (78.81 t/ha) being produced from the bio-stimulant dose of 2.5 L/ha, whereas the highest values of TA (0.28 %) and TSS/TA (21.72) were obtained from 0.1 L/ha and 50 L/ha, respectively.

15. ANJALI KOSRE, SANDEEP SAHU, S. K. JADHAV AND NAGENDRA KUMAR CHANDRAWANSHI* [Proximate analysis of Pleurotus florida influenced by magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in submerged and solid-state cultivation]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 641-647 (2024). School of Studies in Biotechnology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, Chhattisgarh, India *(e-mail: chandrawanshi11@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Pleurotus florida is a widely consumed and easily cultivated mushroom, valued for its high nutritional content. This study aimed to enhance its mineral content through substrate fortification, specifically using magnesium sulfate, to create more nutrient-rich food products. Since minerals are crucial for mushroom growth, supplementing substrates can significantly improve both incubation and fructification, addressing the need for higher-quality mushrooms in functional foods and dietary supplements. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at the Mushroom Technology Laboratory, School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India, to examine the effects of Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on P. florida during the rainy season (July–October 2022) in both submerged and solid-state cultivation. Different concentration of MgSO4 (Control, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) was supplemented to PDA media and paddy straw for cultivation of P.floridamushroom. The study assessed fruiting body production, mycelial biomass yield, protein content, and antioxidant activity. Results showed that MgSO4 significantly increased biomass production (28.67mg/100ml and 89.06g/500g of substrate for T3 for both mycelia and fruiting body), antioxidant activity (88.90 and 96.86% for control), and bioactive content (protein 20.28and 20.72 mg/100g for both mycelia and fruiting body respectively at treatment T4), notably affecting the mushrooms’ metabolic profile (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that mineral-fortified P. florida mushrooms are rich in essential nutrients and have potential as valuable pharmaceutical products.

16. Sri Hartati*, Samanhudi, achmad fatchul aziez and Chika Eldita [Genetic diversity of Phalaenopsis spp. orchids based on ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 648-654 (2024). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: tatik_oc@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Genus Phalaenopsis is a popular orchid genus known for its large flowers and varied colors. In the wild, the presence of Phalaenopsis is rare, making propagation a necessary effort for conservation. However, research on the diversity of orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis spp has not been widely carried out. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis spp (P. deliciosa, P. venosa, P. amboinensis, P. amabilis, P bellina, P. violacea) using ISSR markers. The 5 primers used were, UBC-810, UBC-834, UBC-814, UBC-826, and UBC-843. The genetic diversity facts may be used as the basis for plant breeding method. The DNA samples were isolated and then the concentration and purity were measured. DNA amplification of the samples used the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) with 5 ISSR primers. The NTSYS-pc program (Numeral Taxonomic System) version 2.02 was used to evaluate the scoring data, and the results showed up as cluster dendrograms. The results showed that 6 samples of Phalaenopsis spp were divided into 2 clusters, with similarity index values in the range of 30%-81% and genetic diversity in the range of 19%-70%.

17. LA THI THU HANG AND NGUYEN HO LAM* [Research on in vitro propagation techniques of vine-tea plant (Ampelopsis cantoniensis (Hook. & Arn.) Planch)]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 655-661 (2024). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, Vietnam *(e-mail: nholam@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Vine-tea plant has the scientific name Ampelopsis cantoniensis (Hook. & Arn.) Planch and is a valuable herb plant in Vietnam. This study aimed to find a method to sterilize samples and nutrient medium components in each stage of shoots regeneration, rapid shoots multiplication, complete plant creation and in vitro seedling cultivation in the nursery stage of in vitro propagation techniques of vine-tea plant. Four experiments in research room and one experiment in nursery were conducted from January to December 2023 at Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam. Criterias of infected, alived, clean and dead samples, rate of shoot regeneration and number of shoots/samples were measured. Research results showed that the best medium to regenerate shoots from stem section carrying dormant eyes is MS + 1.5mg BAP/l + 6.5g agar/l + 30g sucrose/l. The best medium to quickly multiply shoots is MS + 1.5 mg BAP/l + 0.2 mg IBA/l + 6.5g agar/l + 30g sucrose/l. The best complete plant-creating medium is MS + 0.5 mg -NAA/l + 6.5g agar/l + 30g sucrose/l. In the condition that the nursery has a rain cover roof, a black net reduced the light intensity by 70% and the tissue culture nursery substrate of humus soil under the forest canopy + coconut fiber powder + smoked rice husk (1:1:1) gave the best results with survival rate reached 76.67%.

18. YUSUF SARI*, AYSUN ÖZTÜRK, OKTAY INCE, YALÇIN KAYA, NIHAL DILEK SÜMER TÜRELI, AHMET BIRCAN TINMAZ AND OYA KAÇAR [Yield and quality features of some rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) genotypes]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 662-668 (2024). Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute 77100, Yalova, Turkey *(e-mail: ysfsari77@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Rosemary has broad distribution in the world, especially in the Mediterranean region and naturally grows on the west and south coasts of Turkey. In this study, a total of 70 genotypes, with 58 local samples collected from different locations in Turkey and 12 foreign samples obtained from different countries located around the Mediterranean belt, were placed under morphological observation in 2021-2022 by creating an observation garden in the trial fields of Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute. As a result of the research, according to general averages for 2021 and 2022, among morphological and agronomic features, the plant height was 41.1 – 82.3 cm, green herb yield 268.2 – 1137.7 kg/ha, dry herb yield 66.2-110.6 kg/ha, dry leaf yield 51.9 – 71.5 kg/ha, and essential oil yield 0.2 – 2.9 ml/ha. Among quality features, the essential oil proportion was 0.4 – 4.8%, and phenolic compounds included rosmarinic acid (RA) 2.1 – 12.3 mg/g, carnosic acid (CA) 9.3 – 60.7 mg/g and carnosol (CAR) 1.3 – 4.9 mg/g. In conclusion, 9 rosemary genotypes identified with high green herb yield, dry leaf yield, phenolic compounds, essential oil proportion and essential oil quality are B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B52, B62, B69 and B70, and recommended to include these genotypes in repeated yield trials.

19. Nurmahanova Akmaral, Akhmetova AIgul*, Ussenbekova Ainagul, Atabayeva Saule, Alipova Raushan, Kartbayeva Elmira AND Mukhitdin Meruyert [The study of comparative anatomical features of populations of the plant Cichorium intybus L.]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 669-675 (2024). Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: utgnbk@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The article presents a comparative analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the leaf, stem and root of Cichorium intybus L., found in the Aksai and Kaskelen gorges, as well as the Tausamaly rural district in the Trans-Ili Alatau region of Kazakhstan. From the examination of the anatomical features of the leaf, stem and root of Cichorium intybus L., which exhibits a broad distribution, ecotypic traits reflective of their respective growth environments have been identified. Notably, an increase in the number of anomocytic stomata was observed in the epidermis of plants from the first and second populations under study. Additionally, glandular trichomes, comprising a two-celled limb and a single-celled trichome with a head, were found in significantly higher quantities. Within the leaf mesophyll, clusters of milk-accumulating cells were noted. In the stem’s primary bark of the first population, idioblast cells were detected, known for accumulating biologically active substances, and there was an observed increase in the level of inulin crystal formation within the vascular structure. However, in the rural district of Tausamaly, where the third population of Cichorium intybus L. was located, a decrease in stomata, trichomes, and milk-accumulating cells was observed due to man-made pollution and anthropogenic factors. Furthermore, a reduction in the diameter of the stem’s central cylinder and a narrowing of the xylem and phloem tube diameters within the conductive bundle were determined. Additionally, a diminished formation of insulin crystals within the vein was noted.

20. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Aquaponic growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum) with Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in standard substrate]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 676-680 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Aquaponics, the integrated production of fish and hydroponic crops in a recirculating system, is an intensive cultivation method in which metabolic fish wastes fertilize plants. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most sought-after herbs in the market used in medicine. Although basil is highly sought after for its properties, there is limited information about its behaviour in aquaponics. Therefore, in 2024 (from July to August), this study was undertaken at the University of Limpopo for 50 days to investigate the production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under a recirculating aquaponic system. This study aimed to assess the growth and development of this plant under aquaponic conditions. Three single and equal aquaponic systems were used, each consisting of a pond, a clarifier, three biofilters, and a hydroponic bed. These elements are interconnected with PVC pipes. Each pond was injected with air through aerator stones. Randomly, ten basils (O. basilicum), which were obtained from a commercial nursery (about 90 days old), were placed in each aquaponic system. A total of 30 tilapia specimens (O. mossambicus), ten fish per pound, were used. The results indicate a positive growth rate for basil with a strong coefficient of determination (R2= 0.95) during the experiment. On the other hand, the PCA results (. F1= 72.99%, and F2= 23.66%) showed two groups of the growing stage, which refers to different plant growth rates and temperatures. In conclusion, the basil exhibited good productivity, indicating efficient nutrient assimilation in this system. Therefore, the evaluated basil is well-suited for these conditions and can be utilized as part of the biological filters in aquaponic systems with tilapia production.

21. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Species delimiting of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) plant-parasitic nematodes]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 681-685 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Root-lesion nematodes of the Pratylenchus are an important pest parasitizing a wide range of vascular plants, including several economically important crops. However, morphological diagnosis of more than 100 species is problematic due to the low number of diagnostic features, high morphological plasticity, and incomplete taxonomic descriptions. In order to employ bar-coding-based diagnostics, we analyzed the most important species of Pratylenchus based on COI sequences. In this study, we reconstructed the species delimitation of the Penetrans group using mitochondrial gene sequences. A combination of different methods for species delimitation allowed us to establish the species boundaries within the Pratylenchus group and, as such, clarify long-standing controversies about the taxonomic status of Pratylenchus. Therefore, in 2024, a study was undertaken at the University of Limpopo to compare species delimitation analyses within the Pratylenchus genus based on the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) region. In this study, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) species delimitation approaches were employed. A total of 73 sequences GenBank were utilized, representing 13 species (Pratylenchus sp., P. zeae, P. parazeae, P. vulnus, P. scribneri, P. brachyurus, P. speijeri, P. coffeae, P. loosi, P. horti, P. hippeastri, P. penetrans, P. neglectus, and P. thornei). The phylogenetic analyses grouped all the species into 14 clades, which separated all species clearly. The ASAP and ABGD analysis reveal a remarkable amount of cryptic biodiversity within the genus Pratylenchus, confirming that identification based on COI marker alone can be inconclusive in this taxonomically confusing genus. The phylogenetic tree supported these analyses. In conclusion, our analyses indicate COI to be a good barcode gene, as all Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) do not only form monophyletic groupings in the COI phylogeny.

22. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Estimation of population genetic diversity based on mitochondrial DNA analysis of plant-parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus genus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 686-690 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

23. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Genetic analysis of Meloidogyne species in South Africa using the COI marker]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 691-695 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

New-generation molecular approaches and methods are currently being developed to accurately identify species and genetic diversity. Given the significant impact of Meloidogyne sp. on agriculture, understanding the genetic structure of its populations is essential. While DNA barcoding studies have been conducted in the family Heteroderidae, there has been a lack of research on haplotype diversity. Therefore, in 2024, a study was undertaken at the University of Limpopo to analyse haplotype diversity within the Meloidogyne genus based on the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) region. In this study, a total of 73 sequences from South Africa were utilised (GenBank), representing four species (Meloidogyne sp., M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. enterolobii). The haplotype analysis revealed four haplotypes which displayed low nucleotide ( = 0.045) diversity. In contrast, haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.49, and the number of segregating sites (S) was 23. The result showed that Meloidogyne sp had low variability in haplotype supported by the haplotype network. Tajima (D) and Fu’s Fs were found to be positive (P < 0.05), whereas the overall FST value was 0.99 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, genetic analysis showed there was no high variation amongst papulation from South African populations.

24. Korneeva E. A.* [Agroforestry in arid areas for reducing the impact of drought and soil degradation on agricultural production]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 696-701 (2024). Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation Russian Academy of Sciences, 400062, Volgograd, 97, University Ave., Russia *(e-mail: korneeva.eva@list.ru)

ABSTRACT

Agricultural production in arid areas struggles to meet modern environmental management challenges. Unsustainable practices under drought conditions have led to soil fertility loss, structural damage, erosion, and deflation, negatively affecting crop yields. The solution lies in adopting resource-efficient, nature-based technologies. Agroforestry systems effectively combat drought and land degradation in arid regions, mitigating these issues and enhancing agricultural productivity. To identify the role of protective forest plantations in the economy of agricultural production, an assessment was carried out on the gross wheat harvest and net income from its sale with minor and active wind activity under various agroforestry strategies. A comparison of various options for afforestation of fields in the steppe zone of the Volgograd region (Russia) showed that the greater the protection of fields due to the convergence of distances between protective plantations, the higher the efficiency of agroforestry. The cost of mitigating the effects of drought and soil degradation in agroforestry systems with low intensity is USD 12- USD 25 per 1 ha of forested land use. With an increase in the intensity of degradation to the level of a dust storm, the cost of mitigating its consequences is USD 171-USD 280. This indicates the great relevance and economic feasibility of forest reclamation measures in the region.

25. Ammar Al-Zubade*, Hussein Abbas Mohammed and Intsar H. H. Al-Hilfy [Integrating bacterial inoculation and foliar nutrition for sustainable berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) production]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 702-706 (2024). Department of Field Crops Sciences College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: ammar.s.121@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

As an annual leguminous forage crop, berseem clover demonstrates significant potential as a cover crop and green manure. Through symbiotic nitrogen fixation and extensive root development, it enhances soil fertility and crop production optimization. The integration of berseem clover into crop rotations was found to increase subsequent crop yields and reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. This study was conducted during the growing seasons of 2022-23 to explore the contribution of bacterial inoculation (inoculated and uninoculated). Foliar alga 600 timing applications implemented at concentrations of (0 and 1 g/L) (no spray, one spray, and two sprays) in local clover cultivar. The treatments were applied at both the green-up and flowering stages. Alga 600 treatments, bacterial inoculation, and their interactions significantly differed in most measured parameters. Inoculated clover with two sprays exceeded the control treatment (without inoculation) and other foliar treatments of alga 600 application on seed yield, pod number, 1000 seed weight, and total dry matter at the flowering stage. Hence, more research should be done considering different kinds of symbiotic bacterial strains on responsive cultivars.

26. Raushan Ramazanova, Tatyana Sharypova, Moldir Zhumagulova*, Altynay Suleimenova, Maksat Poshanov, Abay Ayan and Meisam Zargar** [Impact of foliar organic-mineral fertilizers on sugar beet biomass and yield in response to phosphorus and potassium levels]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 707-716 (2024). Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry 75V, al-Farabi Ave, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan (e-mail: *zhumagulova.mk@mail.ru; **zargar_m@pfur.ru)

ABSTRACT

Sugar beet is a vital industrial crop for sugar production, but in the Zhetysu region, its yield is constrained by low soil fertility and suboptimal nutrient management. This study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar organic-mineral fertilization, combined with specific phosphorus and potassium rates, on biomass accumulation and root yield in irrigated gray soils. The goal was to identify the most effective fertilization schemes to maximize economic yield while improving overall crop productivity and reducing environmental impacts. The research was conducted over two agricultural years (2023-2024) in the Koksu district of the Zhetysu region Kazakhstan, on separate plots with three replications and four variants of foliar fertilizer application: urea, Amino Turbo bio-stimulant, Ruter AA organic-mineral fertilizer, and Geofert, with and without the application of calculated doses of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Foliar fertilizing was applied at two stages of sugar beet plant development: (1) during the formation of 4-6 leaves and (2) during the formation of 8-10 leaves. On average, over the two-years of study period, the most significant effect was observed when combining the main application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers with the foliar application of the Aminoturbo bio-stimulant, resulting in a yield capacity of 112.4 t/ha, which was 2.95 t/ha higher than yield capacity obtained with traditional foliar application of urea. Geogumat fertilizer, containing microelements, microorganism strains, and humic acids, increased beet yield capacity by 37.35 t/ha compared to the control (968.35 t/ha), suggesting that foliar fertilizing of sugar beets can be a sustainable farming method capable of increasing crop yields on low-fertility light gray soils and can be recommended as part of fertilizer application protocols in beet-growing farms.

27. K. C. Nguyen, T. T. Duong AND V. T. Nguyen* [Influence of chemical elicitors on induced defence system in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) caused by Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Virus]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 717-723 (2024). School of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University Hue City 530000, Vietnam *(e-mail: nvtruong@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Virus (SLCMV) is one of the ten most serious crop viral diseases in the world. CMD is found in Vietnam, and since 2016 the disease has caused serious damage to cassava production. The current study was conducted under both greenhouse and field conditions to identify chemical elicitors of host defense against SLCMV. The greenhouse and field experiment were carried out in 2002 and 2023 at School of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University. The CMD-susceptible variety KM94 was treated before planting by soaking cuttings in solution of each of several chemical elicitors including END- BYE (tannic acid: 25%, tea saponin: 3%), SAT 4SL (cytosinpeptidemycin: 40 g/L), NINGNA STAR 80SL (ningnamycin: 80 g/L), Cruiser Plus 312.5FS (thiamethoxam: 262.5 g/L, difenoconazole: 25 g/L, fludioxonil: 25 g/L), CuCl2, and salicylic acid (SA) at 1% concentration. Results showed that the effectiveness was highest with Cruiser Plus 312.5FS (30.1%) and lowest with SAT 4SL (14.4%) at 104 days after planting. The AUDPC was highest with untreated plants and lowest with plants treated with Cruiser Plus 312.5FS. Actual yield of plants treated with salicylic acid (25.2 t/ha) was higher than that of untreated plants (18.1 t/ha). Plants treated with chemical elicitors can improve the yield and starch as compared with untreated plants. As a result, cassava cuttings treated with chemical elicitors are considered a good measure to control cassava mosaic disease.

28. INTAN RATNA DEWI ANJARSARI*, NABILA RAGIL WIHARTI AND YUDITHIA MAXISELLY [Optimizing biofertilizer application and fertilizing technique for enhanced tea plant growth and flavonoid composition after drought season]. Research on Crops 25 (4): 724-730 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: intan.ratna@unpad.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Now a days, drought has become a prevalent issue in tea cultivation, especially in West Java, the largest tea-producing province in Indonesia. It is considered one of the primary limiting factors that adversely affect both tea yield and quality. Biofertilizer fertilization with different fertilization techniques is an alternative to supply more optimal tea nutrient needs, after the dry season. The objective of this study was to optimize biofertilizer application and fertilization techniques to improve tea plant growth and flavonoid composition after the dry season The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Tea and Cinchona Research Center, Gambung, Ciwidey from April 2024 until August 2024. The experimental design used was a randomized group design including A = Control; B=15 L/ha Biofertilizer sprayed to leaves; C=22.5 L/ha Biofertilizer sprayed to leaves; D=30 L/ha Biofertilizer with application technique sprayed to leaves; E =15 L/ha biofertilizer watered to soil; G=22.5 L/ha Biofertilizer watered to soil I=30 L/ha Biofertilizer watered to soil. The result showed that applying a combination of biofertilizer and fertilizer application technique influences root starch content and fresh shoot weight of tea. An amount of 22.5 L/ha biofertilizer with the application technique watered into the soil gave the best results on tea flavonoid levels in pecco to dormant shoots ratio, the treatment of biofertilizer and fertilizer application techniques still showed starch levels below the standard.

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