Volume 25, No. 3 (September, 2024)
1. T. D. TRAN, V. T. TRAN, T. P. L. BUI, Q. H. DINH, T. N. M. NGUYEN AND T. T. H. HOANG [Efficiency of biochar and bioorganic fertilizer from crop residues on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Central Vietnam]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 363-368 (2024). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Inappropriate fertilizer application for rice crop resulted in the yield and soil fertility issues, then biochar and bioorganic utilization considered as the best solution for this situation. This study aimed to assess the combination of biochar and BOFs on growth and yield of lowland rice. The experiments were conducted at the field in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam in two crop seasons from 2023-2024. The completely randomized block experimental design involved three replications with five treatment combinations i.e., 100% NPK (control); 80% NPK + 5 t/ha BOF + 2 t/ha biochar; 80% CMOF + 5 t/ha BF + 2 t/ha biochar + 400 kg/ha lime; 70% CMOF + 5 t/ha BOF + 3 t/ha biochar + 400 kg/ha lime; 60% CMOF + 10 t/ha BOF + 3 t/ha biochar + 400 kg/ha lime. The effect of these treatments was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) with a 95% confidence level (=0.05). We found that the optimal combination is 80% NPK + 5 t/ha BOF + 2 t/ha biochar on rice plant height (98.67 cm), dry matter (12.43 g/plant) and economic yields (6.95 t/ha). The combination is capable of increasing the rice productivity according to rice performance and yield.
2. L. P. Amgain*, M. R. Poudel**, S. Adhikari and D. Dhakal [Trends of agro-climatic variability and multi-year prediction of rice and wheat yields under the changing climatic scenarios using DSSAT crop model in Nepalese western Terai]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 369-378 (2024). Research and Scholarship Division University Grants Commission, Bhaktapur, Post Code 44800, Nepal (e-mail: *amgainlp@gmail.com; **muktipoudel8@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The rice and wheat yields in the western Terai region of Nepal over the past four decades have been drastically reduced mainly by climatic anomalies such as fluctuating temperatures, decreased solar radiation, uneven and erratic rainfall, drought and so on. NASA-POWER derived weather data of Dumkauli in Nawalparasi (27.68° N, 84.13° E) and of Taulihawa in Kapilbastu (27.55° N, 83.0667° E) districts in western Terai region of Nepal for the past four decades (1984/85-2022/23) were downloaded, validated with the recorded weather data of Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) and studied the trends of climatic variability. Furthermore, the trend analysis for the grain yield of rice in Nawalparasi and wheat yield in Kapilvastu was drawn with the historical data sets of maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall. Positive correlations between grain yields and minimum temperature and rainfall each showed acceptable coefficient of determinations (R2) for both of the crops. The correlation between precipitation and observed rice yield estimated was 0.71. Similarly, the correlation coefficient of minimum temperature and wheat yield was 0.272. The multi-year predicted rice and wheat yields using the historical weather data and by the use of the IPCC (2007) scenario embedded in the DSSAT crop model showed that yield of the both crops could be sustained with the use of the current crop cultivars only for a few years. Climatic index, mainly temperature was found to be more sensitive to wheat production, and the rainfall to rice production in the Nepalese western Terai region. This study suggests for the development of high yielding climate change-ready rice and wheat cultivars to feed the increasingly growing Nepalese population.
3. UUM UMIYATI*, DEDI WIDAYAT, AGUS WAHYUDIN AND MARISKA MADHA TRIAZAHRA [Impact of 240 g/L glyphosate IPA on weed control and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield in a no-tillage system]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 379-387 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture University of Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: uum.umiyati@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Glyphosate IPA 240 g/L herbicide is known as one of the effective chemical solutions in weed control, especially in no-tillage systems. No-tillage systems offer advantages in upland rice cultivation by reducing soil damage and production costs. However, the main challenge in the application of no-tillage systems is the presence of pre-planting weeds that can compete with plants in the absorption of growth factors such as nutrients, light, and water. This experiment aims to test herbicide doses that effectively suppress weed growth and optimize the growth and yield of upland rice with the no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted from December 2023 to April 2024 at Ciparanje Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The experiment used Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of 7 treatments, each repeated four times. The treatments consisted of 5 doses of glyphosate IPA 240 g/L herbicide 2.00, 3.00; 4.00, 5.00; 6.00 L/ha with no-tillage system; manual weeding; and control with perfect tillage system. Experimental results showed that glyphosate IPA 240 g/L herbicide at a dose of 3.00 – 6.00 L/ha with the no-tillage system can be used to replace the perfect tillage system because it can suppress the growth of broadleaf weeds, namely Ageratum conyzoides, Cleome rutidosperma, Mollugo pentaphylla and Synedrela nodiflora, and grass Digitaria ciliaris. No phytotoxicity symptoms were found, and had a favorable effect on rice plant growth regarding population size and tillers. The yield of rice plants with the highest milled dry grain yield was 4.45 t/ha.
4. Ammar Al-Zubade* and Rafid N. Al-Ubori [Impact of nano-potassium foliar application on bread wheat cultivars for enhanced sustainable production]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 388-393 (2024). Department of Field Crops Sciences College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad Iraq (e-mail: *ammar.s.121@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
A multiplicity of substantial disruptions in the physiological systems of the wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) are the result of a potassium deficiency.The foliar application of potassium improves the quality of wheat and the production of grains for end-use purposes. This study was carried out during the growing seasons of 2021-22 to investigate the response of winter wheat cultivars to foliar application of potassium (0, 1, and 2 g/L), at two growth stages (green up and heading) on the grain yield (t/ha), protein content (%), specific weight and plant vegetative indicators (chlorophyll content, flag leaf area and plant height). Foliar applications of potassium fertilizer were implemented at concentrations of (0, 1 and 2 g/L). The treatments were applied at both the tillering and flowering stages. Potassium treatments, wheat cultivars, and their interactions significantly differed in most measured parameters. Application of 2g/L of K increases grain yield, protein content, and plant height than 0, 1 g/L by 5.51 t/ha, 10.52% and 95.60 cm, respectively. Foliar application of nano-potassium timed at both tillering and flowering stages would be beneficial in improving the yield and its component. Furthermore, the various trait responses of cultivars to K application can be attractive to wheat breeders for selection.
5. Paul Lutschak, Bekzak Amantayev, Gulden Kipshakbayeva, Gani Stybayev, Meisam Zargar, Dmitriy Ebzeev and Meysam Soltani Nejad* [Enhancing drought resistance in early-stage development of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using trace elements in a dry steppe zone]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 394-402 (2024). Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: meysamsoltaninejad@mail.um.ac.ir)
ABSTRACT
Wheat, prized for its economic significance, is the predominant crop globally. However, drought stress has emerged as a critical constraint in wheat production, increasingly limiting growth and productivity across major wheat-growing regions worldwide. Therefore, the present study assesses the impact of trace elements silicon, zinc, and manganese on the morphological characteristics of seed germination in spring soft wheat varieties (Taimas, Granny) under both normal and drought stress conditions in 2023. To achieve this, wheat seeds were subjected to varying concentrations of microelements (Si+Zn+Mn) during germination under controlled drought and regular conditions. The most significant beneficial combined effect of the three metals was observed when Si (0.25) + Zn (0.5) + Mn (0.5) was present at a concentration level, resulting in improvements in key germination parameters such as the germination index (GI) and the shoot viability index (SVI). Under drought stress conditions, utilizing the ideal concentrations of trace elements led to a notable increase in germination rates, ranging from 94.07% to 95.23%. The findings indicated that the presence of trace elements resulted in a suppressive impact, which became evident as the concentration of metals increased in the measurements of roots, shoots, and the phytotoxicity index.
6. Naseer Faraj Shachai*, Nagham M. Al-Azawi, Jazran Jard Kadhim, RAmanova E. V. and Soslan G. Kozyrev [Study of morphological traits and their relationship of yield in different genotypes of soft wheat]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 403-408 (2024). Department of Field Crops Sciences College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: naser.faraj@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Food security is one of the main directions of ensuring the country’s national security. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the collection of the main varieties of wheat cultivated in Iraq, according to a complex of morphological and physiological characteristics, along with the determination of grain quality indicators, and to identify the most promising varieties into the breeding process. This experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during 2020-21 and 2021-22 by planting 10 genotypes of soft wheat 5 Russian genotypes viz.; – Mors-1, Tymur, Medved, Astrak, Varon-39and 5 Iraqi genotypes viz., Ibaa-99, Tamuz-3, Abigrab-3, Iraq and Ibaa-95. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one factor and three replicates. The results showed significant differences in the effect of genotypes on the studied traits. Russian genotype Astrak was the best in average plant height with an average of 84.8cm and 82.8cm for both seasons, respectively, Iraqi genotype Tamuz-3 was the best in average weight of spike with an average of 2.4g and 2.8g for both seasons, respectively, the highest average in number of spikelets per spike reached to 19.5 in season 2021-22. Iraqi Genotype Iraq also recorded the highest average length of spike 9.5cm in the season 2020-21, and the best 1000 grain weight was 39.9g in season 2020-21. Iraqi Genotype Ibaa-95 recorded the best average length of spike 9.6 cm in the 2021-22 season and the best number of spikelets per spike reached to 14.2 in the season 2020-21 and the best number of grains, spike was 48.3 grains in season 2021-22. Genotype Abigrab-3 also recorded the highest average number of grains reached 40.4 grains in the season 2020-21, and recorded the best weight of 1000 grains reached 42.3g in the season 2021. Genotype Tymur recorded the best weight of 1000 grains reached 39.9g in season 2020-21, and recorded the best weight of spike 2.7g and the best weight of grain/spike 2g.
7. SAGAR MAITRA, SOUVIK SAIN, MASINA SAIRAM*, TANMOY SHANKAR, SUMIT RAY, MAHUA BANERJEE AND G. C. MALIK [Impact of Rabi maize-legume intercropping system on growth, yield and crop competition in maize]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 409-415 (2024). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e mail: sairam.masina@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat which is considered a soil-exhaustive crop. The combination of soil exhaustive and replenishing crops in a cropping system is a beneficial approach where legumes can play a vital role in agricultural sustainability. As maize is a widely spaced crop, intercropping legumes can easily be adopted. Based on these facts, an experiment was conducted at P. G. Research Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha during two consecutive Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 where chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were intercropped with hybrid maize by adopting different planting geometry. The mean data of two years revealed that sole maize uniform row (UR) being statistically at par with sole maize paired row recorded the higher plant height and dry matter accumulation of maize than intercropped maize. Sole maize also recorded higher values of yield attributes of maize, namely, number of cobs/plants, number of grains/row and number of rows/cobs which was reflected in the grain yield of maize. Due to inter-species competition, grain yield of maize was reduced in the mixed stand where uniform row sole maize registered the highest grain yield (5857 and 6101 kg/ha, respectively during both years) and it was closely followed by paired row sole maize (5789 and 6005 kg/ha, respectively). Grain and stover yields of legumes, such as chickpea and field pea were higher in pure stand because of its optimum plant stand and devoid of inter-species competition. Moreover, the benefits of the intercropping systems were pronounced in all the intercropping systems laid out in an additive series in terms of land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, area time equivalent ratio, competitive ratio, maize equivalent yield and monetary advantage. The study revealed that intercropping maize UR + chickpea (1:2) resulted in the highest values of net return and benefit-cost ratio which can be recommended for South Odisha conditions.
8. Basheer A. Abraheem*, I. H. H. Al-Hilfy, H. M. K. Al-Abodi, A. M. Mahdi and Kh. A. Salman [Effects of sorghum-mung bean intercropping and nutrient solutions on fruit growth indicators]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 416-424 (2024). Department of Field Crops Sciences College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: Basher.abd@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
The success or failure of intercropping is determined by the balance between plant symbiosis or competition, and nutrients appear to be of paramount importance in this situation. Competition for nutrients may be the limiting factor for growth and yield. Therefore, supplying the plants with nutrients contained in the nutrient’s solution used in hydroponics may reduce competition for nutrients. Therefore, a factorial experiment was conducted using the RCBD design in the fall season of 2023, at the Office of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Abu Ghraib, Iraq, to study the response of some fruit growth indicators of sorghum and mung bean under an intercropping system with five patterns: 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 (Sorghum: Mung bean). The plant densities for both plants were 200,000, 133,333.33, 100,000, and 66,666.66 plants per hectare, according to the pattern, representing the main factor. The levels of spraying with the nutrient solution Abeer were 0%, 25% and 50%. The results indicated that the 2:1 planting pattern significantly outperformed all other patterns in the yield of individual sorghum plants (g/plant). Conversely, the 1:0 pattern significantly outperformed the other patterns in total yield (t/ha). For mung bean, the 0:1 pattern showed significant superiority in both individual plant yield (g/plant) and total yield (t/ha). Regarding the total land equivalent ratio (LER), the 2:1 pattern significantly outperformed the other patterns. In terms of the competitive ratio (CR), sorghum exhibited a higher competitive ability than mung bean, with CR values of 1.83, 1.57, and 3.72 in the 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 patterns, respectively. In contrast, mung beans’ CR values were 0.56, 0.66 and 0.30, respectively. Additionally, sorghum demonstrated increased competitiveness against mung bean as its density decreased, achieving the highest Aggressivity (A) value with a significant difference in the 1:2 pattern. This gave mung bean a competitive edge in the 2:1 pattern, making it more aggressive than sorghum.
9. Rakhiya Yelnazarkyzy*, Aliya Baitelenova, Meisam Zargar**, Gani Stybayev, Sheng Qiu Cai, Aliaksandr Sniazhynski and Gulden Kipshakbayeva [Impact of growth conditions on the quality of oil and fiber in various varieties of flax (Linum usitatissimum)]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 425-433 (2024). 1Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan (e-mail: *r.yelnazarkyzy@kazatu.edu.kz; **meisam.za_ir84@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
As Kazakhstan expands its oilseed cultivation, particularly with flax, it is essential to understand how different flax varieties and growth conditions impact the quality of oil and fiber. Despite a recent slight decrease in flax sown area, its dual-purpose value remains significant. Therefore, this study was conducted in the growing seasons of 2022 and 2023 to determine the fatty acid composition of the oil and the quality of the fiber of various varieties of oil flax cultivated in the conditions of the Akmola region, northern Kazakhstan. Different varieties of Chinese selection – UF1, UF2, UF3, UF4, UF5, UF6, and zoned flax cultivar – Kostanay Yantar, Leader and Iceberg were examined in this study. A randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in the experiments. There were eight varieties and samples in total, with the standard being the zoned flax variety Kostanay Yantar. Germination of seeds of oil flax ranged from 66.2 to 84.8 percent. Among Chinese selection varieties, the best germination rate was obtained for the UF0 2 in the value of 92.4%. The specified variety in terms of field germination exceeds other varieties of foreign selection by 9.9%. Under regional conditions. The significance level of the results attained indicated that they were not statistically significant (y=14.256ln (x)+29.509), which was explained by the small sample size. It should be noticed that the achieved correlation results were positive, that was, when the values of one parameter increased, the compared parameter also increased significantly.
10. Kasi Rao Mediga*, Gururaj Sunkad and Mamta Sharma [Exploration of stable host-plant resistant sources to sterility mosaic disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Huth)]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 434-438 (2024). Department of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture Mohan Babu University, Tirupati-517102, Andhra Pradesh, India *(e-mail: mediga.kasirao@mbu.asia)
ABSTRACT
Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) presents a major challenge in pigeonpea cultivation throughout the Indian subcontinent. Chemical control methods, such as acaricides, are neither economically viable nor sustainable, making host plant resistance the preferred approach for managing this disease. In this study, we evaluated 45 pigeonpea germplasm accessions and breeding lines for SMD resistance over two consecutive Kharif seasons (2021-22 and 2022-23). Of the 45 genotypes tested, 8 exhibited low disease incidence (0-10%) (LRG-471, ICPL 151, ICPB 2089, ICPB 2047, ICPB 2092, ICPB 2211, ICPL 85063, and ICPL 14003) and were classified as resistant. Additionally, 23 genotypes showed disease incidence between 10.1-20.0% and were categorized as moderately resistant. These resistant genotypes offer promising new sources of SMD resistance and should be considered for inclusion in future pigeonpea breeding programs aimed at improving resistance. This research provides valuable phenotypic insights and identifies stable resistant sources essential for advancing SMD resistance breeding efforts.
11. DARIA SAPRONOVA* AND ALIYA KHUZHAKHMETOVA** [Propagation technology of Pinus pallasiana (L.) for agroforestry in southern regions]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 439-443 (2024). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Forest Reclamations of the Russian Academy of Science (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia (e-mail: *sapronova.darya@mail.ru; **avfanc@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
Analysis of studies on the direction of enrichment of dendroflora of artificial plantations showed the promising potential of Pinus pallasiana (L.) for agroforestry in the southern regions of Russia. The aim is to develop a technology for obtaining planting material with a closed root system taking into account the ecological and biological characteristics of coniferous plants. The accelerated technology of obtaining seedlings of P. pallasiana with a closed root system was developed. The location of research in closed ground conditions (greenhouse, area 252 m2) at the Nizhnevolzhskaya station on the selection of woody species – branch of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Volgograd region, Kamyshin; coordinates 50.078957, 45.370560). The research period was from December 2020 to September 2022. Substrate composition, optimal timing and frequency of plant feeding with complex fertilizers, including chlorine-free fertilizers, were recommended. Accelerated terms of cultivation and placement of pine plants for adaptation on the hardening site give a positive effect, which is associated with the economical consumption of seeds, and the safety of seedlings at all stages of cultivation. A technique is proposed that allows the root to avoid deformation, which, under conditions of soil moisture deficit, allows to increase the rooting of the plant.
12. Naseer Faraj Shachai*, Hamid Abdullah Salih**, Hussein Kzar AL-Essawi and Jazran Jard Kadhim [Effect of foliar application of Ethephon in growth traits, seed yield and it’s components in Alfalfa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 444-450 (2024). Department of Field Crops Sciences College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq (e-mail: *naser.faraj@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq; **hamid@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Due to the increasing demand for green fodder in Iraq to sustain livestock, alfalfa cultivation primarily focuses on fodder production, while seed yield is deemed of secondary importance. Meeting this demand requires implementing diverse agricultural strategies aimed at enhancing alfalfa seed yield, notably through the application of plant growth regulators (growth retardants). Therefore, this study aims to know the possibility of increasing seed yield and determining the appropriate spraying stage and concentration using the growth inhibitor Ethephon to increase seed yield of the local variety of alfalfa. A field experiment was carried out from October 2021 to the end of August 2022 at the Experimental Field at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. The main objective of the study was to find out the effect of Ethephon concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 750) mg/L and three stages of foliar application (vegetative growth, beginning appearance of flower buds and 50% flowering) on seed yield and its components of alfalfa local variety. The layout of the experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) arranged in a split plot, with three replications. Foliar application stages were used as main plots while the Ethephon concentrations were used as sub-plots. Spraying of Ethephon at 750 mg/L resulted in a significant increment in the number of stems m-2, number of ripe racemes per stem, number of pods per raceme, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield (550.3 kg/ha) of alfalfa was obtained when plants were sprayed with Ethephon 750 mg/L at vegetative growth, which produces significantly highest number of racemes per stem and number of pods per raceme compared to other concentrations of Ethephon. The mean seed yield amounted to 453.2 kg/ha and it was significantly higher compared to Ethephon concentrations of 0 and 250 mg/L but at par with 750 mg/L concentration of Ethephon.
13. Andrey Valerievich SOLONKIN, OLGA ALEKSEEVNA NIKOLSKAYA* and Galina Valerievna Kasyanova [Influence of clonal rootstocks on growth and development of cherries and sweet cherries in the Volgograd Region]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 451-456 (2024). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Integrated Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FRC of Agroecology of the RAS) University Avenue, 97, 400062, Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: lelka-nikolskaya@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
High demand for early-ripening sweet cherries and cherries necessitates enhanced cultivation methods, including adaptive rootstocks, to ensure productivity and quality amidst climate variability. Therefore, us study was conducted during 2018-2022 influence of clonal rootstocks on cherry and sweet cherry varieties in arid conditions. The research was carried out with the participation of cherry varieties Toy, Loznovskaya, Memory of Zhukova and sweet cherries Alexandria, Iput, Epos, Yaroslavna, adapted to the conditions of the Volgograd region, as well as clone rootstocks of the Crimean OSS RVL-2, RVL-9, LC-52, VSL-1, VSL-2. The survival rate of occultations on rootstocks in the nursery was studied, as well as the effect of clonal root-stocks on the growth and development of selected varieties in a garden. The productivity was calculated relative to biometric parameters: crown projection area (S), crown volume (V), stem cross-sectional area (S). The survival rate of varieties ranged depending on the rootstock from 55.9 to 49.1% and on the variety from 75 to 35.7%. The best indicators for the survival rate of vaccinations, more than 70%, were noted on variety–rootstock combinations: Epos/RVL-1 – 100%, Memory of Zhukova/RVL-2 – 71.4%, Iput/RVL–2 – 71.4%, Alexandria/RVL-9 – 71.4, Epos/RVL-9 – 75%, Alexan-dria/VSL-1 – 74% and Yaroslavna/VSL-2 – 75%. The greatest growth of grafted plants was provided by the LC-52 rootstock, which is medium-sized. The weakest growth was observed on the rootstocks RVL-9 and VSL-1, which characterizes these rootstocks as dwarf. The highest productivity was noted for all varieties on the rootstocks RVL-2 and RVL-9, on average 5.8 and 4.9 kg/tree.
14. Noor Istifadah*, Naomi Anastasya, Yani Maharani and Fitri Widiantini [Effects of application methods of microbial mixture on early blight disease (Alternaria solani) and growth of potato]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 457-464 (2024). Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung–Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: n.istifadah@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Early blight (Alternaria solani) is one of important diseases in potato in Indonesia. In previous study, a microbial consortium (Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas sp.) suppressed the bacterial wilt disease in potato. For application, the microbial consortium was mixed with compost (10%). As the microbial consortium is originally intended for controlling soil-borne diseases, this study examined the ability of the microbial consortium to suppress early blight disease and the effects of application methods on its efficacy. The application methods examined were the methods that targeted for soil-borne as well as airborne diseases. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Plants and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. The experiment used Randomized Complete Block Design with 10 treatments and three replications. The treatments included application of microbes mixed with compost in planting hole solely or in combination with soaking the potato tubers in suspension of the microbes, drenching water extract of the mixture at 2, 4, 6 weeks after planting (WAP) with or without foliar application of the water extract. The result showed that application method influenced the abilities of the microbial mixture in suppressing early blight disease and supporting the potato growth. Even though the application of microbe-compost in planting medium inhibited the development of early blight disease by 37.8-39.5%, the regular foliar spray of the water extract of the mixture enhanced the disease suppression. Combination between application of the microbe-compost in the planting hole, drenching its water extract at 2, 4, 6 WAP and weekly foliar spray of the water extract suppressed early blight disease by 80.8%. This combination of application methods also supported better plant height, numbers of potato leaflets, roots fresh weight and production of potato tuber.
15. TSEKE PONTSHO*, MPHOSI MABOKO AND MAILA YVONNE [Impact of goat manure application on growth of wild watermelon under shade house cultivation]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 465-471 (2024). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: Pontsho.tseke@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture poses detrimental effects on soil health and future crop yields. Therefore, alternative sources of plant nutrients that are environmentally friendly and cost-effective for use in crop production, especially with the escalating cost of inorganic fertilizers, are necessary. A shade-house study was designed to determine the effect of different quantities of goat manure applications on growth attributes and yield of wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus subsp.). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to arrange the treatments, with fourteen (14) replications (n = 84). Six (6) treatments consisting of various quantities (v/v) of river sand, Hutton soil, and goat manure (T0-1:3:0, T1-1:3:1, T2-1:3:2, T3-1:3:3, T4-1:3:4, and T5-1:3:3) were used, with T0-1:3:0 constituting the control. Treatments had a highly significant (P 0.01) effect on dry shoot mass (65%), fruit weight (75%), and fruit diameter (75%) except for the dry root mass (44%), vine length (47%), chlorophyll (47%), number of fruit (27%) and stem diameter (22%) of wild watermelon plants. Dry shoot mass was the highest (11.14 g) in T4-1:3:4, and the lowest dry shoot mass (6.57 g) was obtained in T1-1:3:1 when compared to the control. The fruit fresh weight of the wild watermelon was reduced in all the treatments, when compared to the control. The biggest fruit diameter (66.66 mm) was observed in T4-1:3:4, and the lowest (14.4 mm) was observed in T5-1:3:5. In conclusion, T4-1:3:4 enhanced greater vegetative growth (dry shoot matter) and yield attributes (fruit diameter and weight) of the wild watermelon.
16. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Analysis of mitochondrial DNA to estimate the population genetic structure of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 472-475 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has become a serious menace to the sustainable production of tomatoes in Kenya. Investigating the genetic diversity, geographical distribution, and community structure of T. absoluta from various locations utilizing the Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) of the mtDNA gene information available on NCBI databases. Based on the COI of mtDNA, the haplotype analysis revealed six haplotypes, which displayed low nucleotide ( = 0.00021) diversity. In contrast, haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.05, and the number of segregating sites (S) was 13. The result showed that the tomato leaf miner population from Central Kenya had high variability in haplotype supported by the haplotype network. Tajima (D) and Fu’s Fs were found to be negative (P > 0.05), whereas the overall FST value was 0.00077 (P > 0.001). In conclusion, genetic analysis showed there was no high variation amongst population from different locations.
17. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Phylogenetic position of Meloidogyne javanica associated with tomato, based on ITS rDNA partial sequences Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 476-479 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
The decline in the yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is largely attributed to the prevalence of nematodes belonging to the Meloidogyne species, commonly known as root-knot nematodes. The Meloidogyne species of nematodes are regarded as the most significant contributing factor to the reduction in tomato yield. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted in 2023 at the University of Limpopo to reveal that Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood was the identified cause of the nematode. The ITS rDNA was sequenced and amplified from female nematodes, following which the blast result showed that the South African population exhibited a high similarity (99% identity) to those populations studied in the United States (AF387094 and U96305) and China (AY438555). A comparison to the USA population (AF387094), revealed four nucleotide differences. Utilizing the maximum likelihood method for phylogenetic analysis, it was demonstrated that our population and the other populations of M. javanica form a robust clade (91% bootstrap values).
18. SANTOSH D. T., SAGAR MAITRA*, MAHESH VINAYAK HADOLE AND K. N. TIWARI [Impact of drip irrigation and plastic mulching on yield and economics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 480-487 (2024). Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India *(email: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Drip irrigation is crucial in the current agricultural scenario for vegetable crops, as it optimizes water use efficiency by delivering precise amounts of water directly to the plant roots, thereby conserving water resources and enhancing crop yields. Yield enhancement in cucumber, a significant horticultural crop, can be achieved by integrating drip irrigation and plastic mulching to maximize water productivity while minimizing losses. In the current consequences, a field study was conducted from November to December in two consecutive years (2021-2022 and 2022-23) at the experimental field of Precision Farming Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. The study aimed to quantify the irrigation water requirements for cucumber using drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Eight treatments with varying irrigation levels and the use of plastic mulch were assessed in a randomized block design with three replications. The crop’s irrigation water requirement was determined using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith model. The results showed that the highest plant height (193.5 cm), number of leaves (43.3), fruit length (18.5), fruit weight (279.0 g), and cucumber yield (15.9 t/ha) were achieved with 100% irrigation water requirement along with plastic mulch during the first and second season. These results were closely followed by treatments with 80% of the crop water requirement using drip irrigation and plastic mulch. The study concluded that applying 80% of the estimated irrigation water (142.1 mm) using drip irrigation and plastic mulch could be recommended to obtain higher productivity in cucumber.
19. INTAN RATNA DEWI ANJARSARI*, FAUZAN AKBAR RABBANI, YUDITHIA MAXISELLY, WAWAN SUTARI AND AGUS WAHYUDIN [Tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) callus development based on morphological and phytochemical traits applied by variations in plant growth regulators (PGRs)]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 488-495 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: intan.ratna@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
A variation of the clonal propagation system for tea has been established through in vitro methods, utilizing shoots and leaves derived from primary explants of mature field-grown plants. The research aimed to assess the diversity of tea calluses based on morphological and phytochemical traits derived from leaf and shoot explants on MS media induced by the application of plant growth regulators, including auxin and cytokinin. The research was conducted at the Seed Technology Unit Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jatinangor, from April 2022 to February 2023. The experiment employed MS-modified multiplication media and PGR, with BAP at 9 mg/L, TDZ at 1.0 mg/L, Zeatin at 0.1 mg/L, NAA at 0.01 mg/L, and 1 mg/L. Results indicated that applying PGR, auxin, and cytokinin with MS media influenced morphological and phytochemical traits of tea’s callus derived from leaves and shoots. Specifically, the treatment of 1 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BAP showed the best performance on callus weight and total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to other treatments., i.e. 9.038% % and 0.05% %, respectively. The success of clonal propagation in tea through in vitro methods is expected to increase by carefully selecting the appropriate source and type of explant, planting media, PGR, and addressing potential contaminants.
20. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Comparison of different parts of tangerine (Citrus tangerina) for DNA extraction]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 496-498 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
The tangerine, a citrus fruit, is grown commercially worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and warm temperate countries, including the Mediterranean region. Tangerine cultivation and production are crucial for the economy of many countries, where genomic DNA plays a critical role in genetic diversity and molecular analysis of this tree. Therefore, this study was conducted in 2022 at Limpopo University to compare DNA extraction from three different parts of the tangerine tree: fresh leaves, stems, and fruit. The Chelex method was used to extract DNA from three samples of C. tangerine from South Africa. The quantity and purity of DNA were measured using a spectrophotometer. PCR amplification with 28S primers was used to confirm and evaluate the extracted DNA. The results from the spectrophotometer showed that the highest quantity of nucleic acid was extracted from the stem (98.18± 12 mg/mL), with a 260/280 ratio for DNA quality (1.85 ± 0.01). The fruit showed a high level of protein (5.8 ± 1.8 mg/mL), but the DNA concentration was lower. In conclusion the amplification of the samples indicated that the stem had high purity and concentration of DNA, which can be suitable for PCR amplification.
21. Kanat Galymbek, Aigul Madenova* and Serik Bakirov [Phytosanitary diagnosis of apple fungal diseases in Almaty region]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 499-508 (2024). Laboratory of Plant Microclonal Propagation Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: aigul.kalikhozhaevna@kaznaru.edu.kz)
ABSTRACT
To obtain quality products, it is necessary to cultivate high-yielding varieties that are adaptable to the Almaty region’s conditions and resistant to disease development. In apple orchards, scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Wint.) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everhart) Salmon) can result in low fruit production and poor quality, and premature fruit fall can also occur. The work involved identifying a fungal disease in the apple orchard PF «Khoram» in Khoram village in the Almaty region. The garden was populated with ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Quinte’, ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Divo’, ‘Korey’, and ‘Stark’s Earliest’ varieties. The ‘Gala’ variety has been planted in 1.5 hectares of land and 1600 trees have been put into the field. It was found that 22.29% of the trees in the garden where Golden Delicious is grown are infected with scab, while 28.71% have powdery mildew. The average growth rate of scab on leaves of ‘Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Stark’s Earliest’ decreased from 6.86 to 8.82% (1 point). ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ leaves were found to have powdery mildew on 0.76-2.5% of their leaves. ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves had an average infection rate of 10.75% and it was moderately resistant (2 points). Based on the phytosanitary result, in 2023, scab spread was 16-20% in the areas planted by the PF “Khoram” farm, while the prevalence of powdery mildew in the valley fluctuates within a range of 1.9-30%. According to the results of a three-year phytopathological evaluation, it was found that the varieties ‘Quinte’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Korey’ and ‘Stark’s Earliest’ have high resistance to powdery mildew. Clear measures can be developed to combat scab and powdery mildew disease and maintain product quality, based on the results obtained. Varieties that have proven highly resistant to the pathogen can be recommended as donors in the selection of immunity.
22. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Study of bacterium associated with Spinacia oleracea and nematode, Pseudomonas fragi using 16S rDNA from Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 509-511 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Microorganisms known as Plant-associated Pseudomonas can thrive as parasites or saprophytes on plant surfaces and within plant tissues. They are crucial in enhancing plant growth by suppressing pathogenic microorganisms, synthesizing growth-stimulating plant hormones, and boosting plant disease resistance. At the University of Limpopo in South Africa, a molecular study was conducted in 2023 to identify a Pseudomonas bacterium in a spinach field associated with a free-living nematode, Acrobeles complexus, in Limpopo Province. The study utilized the Chelex method to extract DNA and the 16S rDNA marker to identify the bacterium as Pseudomonas fragi. Specific primers were then used to amplify 16S rDNA, which identified the bacterium, and Nblast analysis revealed a 96% similarity to a strain from India. Phylogenetic analysis placed this species with those identified as P. fragi in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. This marker (16S rDNA) is recommended to use. But for a better understanding of P. fragi’s phylogeny, the other DNA markers are recommended to identify this species.
23. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of free-living nematode Panagrolaimus (Nematoda: Rhabditida) using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 512-514 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Bacterivorous nematodes are a type of nematodes that live in the soil. Free-living bacterivores are crucial for the soil food web, biological control, and ecological studies. Within the free-living bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus is a species that feeds on pathogenic bacteria, making it important in the transmission of plant-pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, Panagrolaimus plays a role in the nitrification of minerals in the soil. In 2023, a molecular study was conducted at the University of Limpopo to identify bacterivorous nematodes in South Africa’s soils using the 28S rDNA marker. The nematode was extracted using the tray method, and its DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. It was then identified as Panagrolaimus. To further identify the nematode, 18S rDNA was amplified using specific primers. The Nblast analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA showed that South African Panagrolaimus has a 95% similarity (EU543176) with the Belgian population. Based on a phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood, this species has been placed within the same clade as other species identified as Panagrolaimus, with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. Therefore, this species has been properly identified using 18S rDNA. However, to gain a better understanding of the phylogeny of Panagrolaimus, it is recommended to use other DNA markers as well.
24. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Characterization of Longidorus pisi (Nematode) from South Africa: Morphological and molecular insights utilizing 18S rDNA analysis]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 515-517 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Longidorus is a species of nematode that can be harmful to plants. Some of these nematodes are plant pests and can also transmit plant viruses such as potato virus U and cacao necrosis virus. Accurate identification of these nematodes is imperative due to their detrimental impact on agricultural crops. This study was conducted in 2022 at Limpopo University to and determine the plant-parasitic nematodes. The nematode was found and extracted using the tray method. Then, its DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. 18S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA showed a 99% similarity with a population of Longidorus pisi (MK172049) from Bulgaria. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method implemented in mega x software. The analysis indicated that the South African populations of L. pisi are similar to other L. pisi, with a 99-bootstrap value. In conclusion, there is a need to investigate the diversity of this species to assess the impact of this nematode on crop yields.
25. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogeny of Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) using mtDNA from Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 518-521 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Identification of Meloidogyne species is difficult using classical techniques alone, as some species have similar characteristics. Meloidogyne incognita is a plant-parasitic nematode that is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). This nematode is regarded as the most significant contributing factor to the reduction in tomato yield. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted in 2024 at the University of Limpopo to identify M. incognita. The COI mtDNA was sequenced and amplified from female nematodes, following which the blast result showed that the South African population exhibited a high similarity (100% identity) to those populations studied in China (MH743221 and MH743220). Utilizing the Maximum Likelihood method for phylogenetic analysis, it was demonstrated that our population and the other populations of M. incognita form a robust clade (87% bootstrap values).
26. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Zeldia punctata (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) using 28S rDNA from Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 522-525 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
The Cephalobidae (Free-living nematodes) family are bacterivores that inhabit soil. Bacterial-feeding nematodes are one of the main consumers of soil bacteria. Therefore, study on this group of nematodes is essential. This molecular study was conducted in 2024 at Limpopo University to identify the free-living bacterivores nematodes from South Africa’s soils, using a 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The nematode was identified as Zeldia punctata. Afterwards, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the 28S rDNA showed South African Z. punctata has 98% similarity (DQ145662) with the American population. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Z. punctata in the same clade with highly supported (94%) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was properly identified using 28S rDNA. However, other rDNA markers are recommended to better understand Zeldia phylogeny.
27. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Species delimitation of nematode Meloidogyne species using COI marker]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 526-530 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
New-generation molecular approaches and methods are currently being developed to accurately identify species and establish species boundaries. Various approaches to species delimitation are utilized to evaluate the species richness of poorly studied and highly diverse taxa. DNA barcoding has proven to be a powerful tool for species identification and delimitation. While DNA barcoding studies have been conducted in the family Heteroderidae, there has been a lack of research on species delimitation. Therefore, in 2024, a study was undertaken at the University of Limpopo to compare species delimitation analyses within the Meloidogyne genus based on the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) region. In this study, ASAP species delimitation approaches were employed. A total of 73 sequences from South Africa were utilised (GenBank), representing four species (Meloidogyne sp, M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. enterolobii). The phylogenetic analyses grouped all the species into two major clades, with M. enterolobii being distinctly separate. In conclusion, the ASAP results showed no significant differences among the species. Therefore, the COI marker is not a suitable marker for Meloidogyne species.
28. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characterization of Acrobeloides nanus (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (3): 531-534 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Acrobeloides nanus, belonging to the family Cephalobidae (Cephalobomorpha), are bacterivores that inhabit soil. Information on bacteria-feeding nematodes is sparse. Therefore, identifying this group of nematodes is important because they are one of the main consumers of soil bacteria. Hence, study on this group of nematodes is essential. This molecular study was conducted in 2024 at Limpopo University to identify the free-living bacterivores nematodes from South Africa’s soils, using a 28S rDNA marker. The nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The nematode was identified as A. nanus. In addition, molecular sequence data of the D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA from this species are provided as DNA barcode sequences. The Nblast analysis based on the 28S rDNA showed that South African A. nanus has a 99% similarity (KX669640) with the population of the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as A. nanus in the same clade with highly supported (89%) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was properly identified using 28S rDNA. However, other rDNA markers are recommended to better understand Acrobeloides phylogeny.
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