Volume 22, No. 1 (March, 2021)

1. Van Quang Tran, Thanh Quynh Doan, Thi Thu Hien Vu, Thi Huyen Tran and Thanh Tuan Nguyen* [Agro-morphological characteristics and genetic diversity of glutinous rice (Oryza sativa) landraces in north Vietnam]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 1-9 (2021). Faculty of Agronomy Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, 131000, Vietnam *(e-mail : thanhtuan@vnua.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

The genetic relationship analysis of local glutinous rice is very important for genetic management, conservation and new varietal selection. The experiment was conducted during 2018-19 at Dien Bien district, Dien Bien province, Vietnam to assess the agro-morphological characteristics and genetic diversity of 42 accessions of glutinous rice landraces. Results showed that the varieties have relatively diverse growth times, are largely middle-day group, and mainly medium-to-high plant height with weight of 1000 grains from medium to high majority. In addition, Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was calculated by using 35 polymorphic SSR markers. Then a cluster analysis of rice collection was performed from the similarity matrix using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Analysis (UPGMA). The results investigated a total of 106 alleles with an average of 3.03 per locus. PIC values ranged from 0.08 to 0.84, with an average of 0.5. The genetic similarity coefficient of 42 studied rice landraces ranged from 0.63 to 0.97. Based on UPGMA for molecular data using NTSYS-pc 2.1, 42 glutinous rice landraces were divided into 7 groups with genetic differences which could possibly lay a foundation for the development of glutinous rice varieties in Vietnam.

2. M.VENKATA LAKSHMI*, CH. PULLA RAO, P. V. N. PRASAD, P. PRASUNA RANI AND Y. ASHOKA RANI [Phosphorus management in groundnut under rice (Oryza sativa) groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cropping system]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 10-17 (2021). Department of Agronomy Agricultural College (ANGRAU), Bapatla-522101, Andhra Pradesh, India *(e-mail : mamidi.venkatalakshmi @gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 on sandy loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla to study the phosphorus management practices in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under rice-groundnut sequence. The present investigation was conducted to find out the residual effect of phosphorus applied to kharif rice on succeeding groundnut crop and to work out the economics of different treatments in rice-groundnut cropping system. The treatments consisted of four main plots sources of phosphorus i.e. S1 : Inorganic fertilizer phosphorus through SSP, S2 : Green manuring in-situ with dhaincha @ 25 kg seed/ha, S3 : Biofertilizer (PSB) @ 750 mL/ha, S4 : Green manuring in-situ with dhaincha @ 25 kg seed/ha + Biofertilizer (PSB) @ 750 mL/ha and three levels of phosphorus i.e. L1 : 50 % recommended dose of P, L2 : 100 % recommended dose of P and L3 : 150 % recommended dose of P applied to rice during kharif alloted to sub-plots and during rabi season three doses of phosphorus i.e. F1 (control), F2 (50 % RDP) and F3 (100 % RDP) applied to groundnut, alloted to sub-sub plots was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. Results of the experiment showed that residual sources and levels of phosphorus to preceding rice crop i.e., in-situ green manuring + PSB showed superior performance in terms of (yield attributes like number of filled pods/plant (29.4), number of kernels/pod (1.94), 100 kernel weight (46 g) and yield (1970 kg/ha)) of groundnut but was at par with that of application of in-situ green manuring and, significantly superior over inorganic fertilizer through SSP and biofertilizer (PSB) alone during both the years. During rabi treatments among the dose of phosphorus 100 % RDP showed significantly higher [filled pods /plant (27.6), number of kernels/pod (1.95), 100 kernel weight (44.9 g) and yield (1781 kg/ha)] over control and it was at par with 50 % RDP during both the years. Hence, no need to go for 100 % RDP in groundnut under rice-groundnut cropping system, 50 % RDP was sufficient realizing higher yields.

3. SAGOLSHEM PRIYOKUMAR SINGH AND Y. TUNGINBA SINGH* [Impact assessment of zinc stress on pigmented rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars in Northeast India]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 18-23 (2021). Department of Botany Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India *(e-mail : tunginba@mzu.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal is a serious abiotic factor that affects the growth and production of rice. In view of important properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer activities and anti-cancer activities of pigmented rice, two important local pigmented rice varieties – Chakhou (Manipur) and Kawnglawng (Mizoram) were selected for this study. This study was conducted during the month of March to October (2018 to 2020) at the Department of Botany, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India to investigate the effects of zinc stress on two pigmented and aromatic local rice cultivars Chakhou and Kawnglawng. The pigmented rice cultivars were analyzed for germination percentage, protein contents, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, antioxidant enzymes- catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and genome template stability (GTS) under different zinc stress conditions. Zinc stress affected chlorophyll and protein contents while CAT and APX activities were increased significantly. PCR-based Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was employed to investigate the genome stability of the rice cultivars against zinc stress. Genome template stability (GTS) was found to be high (>94%) in both the cultivars. Hence, these cultivars can be suggested as a source for future breeding programs against zinc stress.

4. JIRAWAN KUMSAO AND SOMCHIT YOUPENSUK* [Development of inoculum production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for using as biofertilizer in Thai Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa) organic cultivation]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 24-31 (2021). Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand *(e-mail : somchit.y@cmu.ac.th)

ABSTRACT

Thai Jasmine rice, a high-quality variety of rice, can further be enhanced for the economic values through organic cultivation using arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi. Therefore, a study was conducted during 2017 to 2019 at Chiang Mai University and Tin Nee Yom Farm in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. This study investigated the optimum substrate formulas and the host plants for inoculum production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and to evaluate the efficiency of the inoculum of AM fungi for the growth and yield of Thai Jasmine rice in paddy fields of organic farming. The substrates used for in oculum production were soil, sand, leaf compost and vermiculite. AM fungi were cultured in pots of eight substrate formulas and used Brachiaria ruziziensis and Crotalaria juncea as the host plants. The results showed that the best formula which had the highest AM spore density was the formula containing compost mixed with vermiculite (1:2 v/v) and used B. ruziziensis as the host plant. For using C. juncea as the host plant, the optimum formula for spore production of AM fungi the formula containing soil mixed with vermiculite at the ratio of 2:1 (v/v). The dominant species of AM fungi associated with B. ruziziensis in the optimum formula were found to be four species of Aaulospora scrobiculata, A. tuberculata, Funnelifomis coronatum and Rhizophagus intreradices. Whereas C. juncea was used as the host plant in the optimum formula, there were also found to be three species of the AM fungi except R. intreradices. Using of AM fungi from the highest inoculum product as a biofertilizer in the organic farming in Chiang Dao district, Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand, increased growth of Thai Jasmine rice by about 12% in the paddy field without compost application and about 13% with compost application to the rice plants. N, P and K contents in the rice grains were about 1.3, 1.5 and 6.9 times higher than those of the uninoculated treatment. Therefore, the AM inoculum product of this study can be used as an efficient biofertilizer for increasing grain yields of Thai Jasmine rice in organic paddy fields. Both of optimum formulas can be used for commercial inoculum production of AM fungi for using as biofertilizer in organic farming.

5. Abdelouahid Yachi*, Mohamed Amine Feddal, Mahfoud Amara, Baha Eddine Badouna, Djamila Bentahar, Mohammed Nadhir Mebarki, Smain Echcherki, Hana Anfal Bensabti and Mohamed Nadjib Zibani [Reflection of the development of cultivation techniques on the growth and development of durum wheat (Triticum durum) in Algeria]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 32-39 (2021). Laboratory for the Control of Water in Agriculture Department of Agricultural Engineering National Higher School of Agronomy (ENSA), ES1603, El Harrach, Algeria *(e-mail : wahidosse@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Soil management systems can affect soil physical properties and, thus, have a direct bearing on crop performance. This study determined the effects of conventional and no-tillage management on selected soil physical properties and compared observed yield differences between these tillage systems with soil physical properties. To achieve these goals, two technical tillage chains (deep tillage, Direct sowing), were compared in the same pedoclimatic and historical situations. The experiment was carried out on clayey soil in the experimental station of the Technical Institute for Field Crops, during 2017-18 agricultural campaign. Tillage methods significantly affected the soil physical properties as increase in soil moisture contents and decrease in Penetration resistance of soil was noted The soil moisture contents (21,25 %) and Penetration resistance (2,44 MPa) were maximum in direct sowing as compared to conventional tillage. Whatever the sowing rate, the number of seedlings raised per square meter is greater on direct sowing plots. Concerning the diameter and the length of the roots, and whatever the sowing dose, the large values were recorded in the plots worked conventionally. The yield is higher for direct sowing, it is 64.1 q/ha on the other hand, it is 61.1 q/ha for conventional work. All these results are very encouraging for a possible introduction of direct sowing in cereal crops in Algeria.

6. Polivanova O. B.*, Sivolapova A. B., Goryunov D. V., Fedorova A. V., Sotnikova E. A., Chebanova Y. V., Karabitsina Yu. I., Benko N. I, Demurin Y. N. and Goryunova S. V. [Structural diversity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) candidate Rf1 loci based on gene-specific PCR]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 40-46 (2021). Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, Moscow, 127550, Russia *(e-mail : polivanovaoks@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Commercial sunflower production depends on development and use of CMS-based hybrids with heterosis effect. The discovery of nuclear Rf-genes, capable to suppress CMS-phenotype, made possible the using CMS-Rf genetic systems as a base for practical use of heterosis effect for different crops. Rf1 gene is the most common used fertility restorer gene for development of sunflower hybrids with a hybrid vigor. New data about Rf1 gene localization in sunflower genome were found in the last few years. However, the ambiguity of precise Rf1 gene localization requires additional efforts for study of structure and diversity of the Rf1 candidate loci across sunflower accessions. That is why this study was conducted during the 2020 at Moscow State University, Moscow region, Russia, to analyze the distribution of Rf1 candidate genes in sunflower lines with different genotypes based on DNA markers. All the 25 candidate genes identified in previous research were included into analysis. Based on genome HanXRQr1.0 annotation, nucleotide sequences of candidate genes were extracted and used for development of gene-specific primer pairs. PCR analysis was performed with those primers and DNA samples isolated from twelve sunflower restorer lines carrying dominant allele of the Rf1 gene and 12 sterility maintainer lines with the recessive allele and results were visualized by gel electrophoresis. The significant variability of the locus, located in chromosome 13 in the genome sequence from position 169,655,088 to 178217103, was detected. Multiple cases of lack of gene-specific PCR-products and presence of an additional fragments at electrophoretic spectra of sunflower lines could be the result of loss and duplication of analyzed genes sequences. Totally 14 different haplotypes were revealed in the study among them 8 were in sterility maintainer lines and 6 in fertility restorer lines. The structure of Rf1 candidate locus was analyzed on restorer and sterility maintainer lines of sunflower in this study. This work will be useful for further studying of structure, evolution and identification of sunflower Rf1 gene.

7. Aleksandr Peliy*, Murat Gins, Vladimir Mazurov, Ekaterina Borodina, Aleksandr Batygin, Diop Ameth, Valeriya Gresis and Irina Voronchikhina [Influence of fertilizers and sowing dates on yield and quality of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) variety Kizlyarets grown on the Non-Chernozem soils of the Russian Federation]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 47-52 (2021). Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198, Moscow, Russia *(e-mail : kaluga-peliy@yandex.ru)

ABSTRACT

Amaranth is a high-protein crop with increased nutritional and pharmacological value, characterized by drought resistance, tolerance to saline, alkaline and acidic soils, increased productivity of seeds and leaf biomass with a high content of biologically active substances with antioxidant activity. One of the main problems that arise when introducing high-protein agricultural plants into the culture is their adaptive ability to grow in this region. Knowing all the usefulness of this plant, it was necessary to study the introduction of amaranth in the conditions on the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. In 2018 and 2019, studies were conducted on the possible introduction of the amaranth variety ‘Kizlyarerts’ in the Kaluga region of Russia, in order to study the effect of the accumulation of useful macro, micro and meso elements in grain. The experiment included two factors, factor A – different mineral nutrition systems, and factor B – different seeding dates. It was revealed that the efficiency of growing amaranth for grain directly influenced by timing of seed sowing and the systems of mineral nutrition. The use of complex fertilizers and the trace element calcium contributed to an increase in relation to similar nutrition systems without calcium from 15 to 25 %. However, in comparison to the control version of the experiment, the increase in yield was in the range of 50-161%. In general, studies showed that the application of certain fertilizers and compliance with the timing of seed sowing allow to get high yields with high-quality biochemical indicators of grain.

8. D. Kurniadie*, K. D. Putri, R. Widianto, Y. Sumekar and U. Umiyati [Resistance test of Echinochloa crus-galli from West Java toward metsulfuron-methyl and penoxsulam]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 53-59 (2021). Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia *(email : denny.kurniadie@unpad.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Barnyard grass is acknowledged as the most troublesome weed in rice fields in West Java province of Indonesia due to development of resistance to certain chemical control measures. Therefore, this study was conducted during 2020 at the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia aimed to confirm and classify the presence of herbicide-resistant of Echinochloa crus-galli toward metsulfuron-methyl and penoxsulam. The resistance level test of E. crus-galli was performed using the Whole Plant Pot Test method laid out under Split Plot Design with 3 replications. The main plot comprised of metsulfuron-methyl herbicide: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 g a.i./ha, whereas for the dose of penoxsulam herbicide was 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g a.i./ha. The subplot was the origin of weed: exposed and not exposed to herbicides. The results showed that E. crus-galli from East Karawang was included in to low level of resistance to metsulfuron-methyl with a resistance ratio of 5.88. This study has affirmed resistance to metsulfuron-methyl in E. crus-galli for the first time. In contrast, no resistance was observed in E. crus-galli samples to penoxsulam.

9. L. SETAGANE, T. P. MAFEO, N. MATHABA AND K. SHIKWAMBANA* [Mitigation of chilling injury with hot water treatment to improve early-season ‘HASS’ avocado (Persea americana) fruit peel colour]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 60-67 (2021). School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa *(e-mail : shikwambanakingsly@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Early season ‘Hass’ avocado fruit are susceptible to chilling injury (CI); and thus, develop poor peel colour during ripening which reduces market value. Therefore, this study was conducted during early-season (April) of 2018 at Agricultural Research Council – Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-TSC), South Africa to evaluate the use of hot water treatment (HWT) dips to mitigate chilling injury (CI) and thereby, enhancing early-season harvested ‘Hass’ avocado fruit peel colour during ripening. The trial was laid down in completely randomized design with four hot water treatments: fruit with no treatment (control), 38°C for 30 minutes, 42°C for 25 minutes and 46°C for 20 minutes. Thereafter, fruits were stored at commercial shipping temperature (5.5°C) for up to 28 days. After removal from cold storage, fruits were ripened at ambient temperature (±25°C) and evaluated every after 2 days for weight loss, firmness loss, objective colour parameters (lightness-L*, chroma-C* and hue angle-h°), subjective colour (eye colour) and ripening percentage. However, CI and electrolyte leakage (EL) were evaluated immediately after removal from cold storage. The results showed that HWT significantly (P < 0.05) increased weight and firmness loss during ripening. Furthermore, HWT reduced EL and external chilling injury (ECI) of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit during cold storage. In addition, the results exhibited that HWT had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on colour parameter L* and eye colour rating but did not affect (P > 0.05) chromatic C* and h°. Avocado ‘Hass’ fruit subjected to HWT at 42°C for 25 minutes and 46°C for 20 minutes developed purple colour (eye colour rating 4.47 and 4.36, respectively) during ripening when compared with HWT at 38°C for 30 minutes and control fruit. This study demonstrated that postharvest HWT effectively mitigated chilling injury and improved peel colour development of early-season ‘Hass’ avocado fruit during ripening.

10. Davinderpal Singh and Amarjeet Kaur* [Response of rooting media on sprouting propagation through cuttings in peach (Prunus persica) cv. Shan-i-Punjab]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 68-73 (2021). Department of Horticulture (Agriculture) Khalsa College, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143001, Punjab, India *(-mail : dr.amarjitkaur30@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Peach a nutritious temperate fruit requires suitable rooting media for propagation of peach through cuttings. Hence, a research study was conducted during 2019-20 at Khalsa College, Amritsar, India to study the effect of different rooting media on success of cuttings in peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab. During the study eight different treatments comprising of rooting media (sand, cocopeat, vermiculite, perlite, cocopeat + soil, vermiculite + soil (1:1), perlite + soil (1:1) and soil-control) were undertaken in Randomised Block Design replicated thrice. The results of the study indicated that cocopeat + soil (1:1) proved to be the best in terms of minimum days to first sprouting (13.60 days), maximum sprouting (74.53%), survival (83.03%), root number/cutting (12.88), root length (7.93 cm), fresh weight of root (0.89 g), dry weight of root (0.57 g), number of leaves (38.78) and leaf area (69.56 cm2) after 90 days of planting. The rooting media of cocopeat mixed with soil can be used as an appropriate medium for development and survival of the planted peach cuttings.

11. Mira Ariyanti*, Nining Ratningsih, Cucu Suherman1, Santi Rosniawaty1 and Yenni Asbur2 [Effects of oil palm midrib compost and humic acid on the growth and water use of immature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 74-86 (2021). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture University of Padjajaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang km 21 Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail : mira.ariyanti@unpad.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Immature oil palm requires adequate supply of nutrients and water to support their growth and development. Nutrient supply is provided by fertilization, in this case is utilization of oil palm midrib compost as a nutrient source and at the same time is expected to hold water in the planting media. Decomposition process of oil palm midrib compost is assisted with the application of humic acid as a bio-activator. This study was conducted during 2019 at Ciparanje Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang Regency, Indonesia to study and determine the effect of oil palm midrib compost applied with humic acid in providing nutrients and water for the growth of immature oil palms (using 19 months old oil palm trees). This study comprising nine treatments: inorganic fertilizer NPK (16:16:16) 86.4 kg/ha (A), oil palm midrib compost 457.6 kg/ha (B), oil palm midrib compost 457.6 kg/ha + 4.3 L/ha humic acid (C), oil palm midrib compost 457.6 kg/ha + 8.58 L/ha humic acid (D), oil palm midrib compost 457.6 kg/ha + 12.9 L/ha humic acid (E), oil palm midrib compost 915.2 kg/ha (F), oil palm midrib compost 915.2 kg/ha + 4.3 L/ha humic acid (G), oil palm midrib compost 915.2 kg/ha + 8.58 L/ha humic acid (H), oil palm midrib compost 915.2 kg/ha + 12.9 L/ha humic acid (I). The results showed that application of oil palm compost 915.2 kg/ha with humic acid 4.3 L/ha (treatment G) giving 588.875 cm2 leaf area growth and addition of 3, 4.83, and 6.5 of leaf midrib number at 2, 4, and 6 months after treatment respectively and altogether with evapotranspiration value around 0.24 mm/day or water loss suppression by 59%.

12. H. Lalhmachhuani, T. K. Hazarika*, C. lalhriatpuia, Thangjam Premabati and T. Robert Singh [In vitro propagation and antioxidant properties of hatkora (Citrus macroptera) from North-East India]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 87-95 (2021). Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management Mizoram University, Aizawl, India *(e-mail : tridip28@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Satkora or hatkora is found confined in evergreen forests of N. E. India primarily are of seedling origin, therefore show a tremendous variation in their morphology among its population. Due to lack of selection of any superior germplasm, the farmers have been planting trees of seedling origin of unknown yield potential and quality. Since this method could not meet the demands of planting material, an investigation was carried out during 2016-17 at department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University to develop rapid and cost-effective in vitro protocols for propagation of citrus hatkora with the objective of enhancing the rate of multiplication and for maintaining the stocks of germplasm for many years. In vitro organogenesis of C. macroptera was done with the use of leaf and node explants derived from in vitro raised plants. The explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with NAA, BAP, 2,4-D and Kinetin alone or in combination. The investigation revealed that full strength MS medium is the best for in vitro hatkora seed germination. Further, maximum callus formation from the excised plant was observed on 2,4-D (2mg/L) and shoot formation on BAP (2mg/L). In addition, the antioxidant properties and the total phenolic content of the fruits was determined using was determined using DPPH method Folin-ciocalteau method revealed that the peel of hatkora fruit has maximum content. Therefore, There needs to be renewed focus on organogenesis using vegetative tissues like leaf explant. Diversity analysis and marker-assisted selection will go a long way in fastening the breeding and germplasm management. Research focus should be done on identification of chemical structure of all the bioactive compounds present on this high valued fruits for future use of humankind.

13. C. Lalhriatpuia, MALSAWM KIMI and T. K. Hazarika* [Influence of crop regulations on growth, yield and quality of grapes (Vitis vinifera) in North-East India]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 96-103 (2021). Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Mizoram University, Aizawl,796004, Mizoram, India *(e-mail : tridip28@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Crop regulation is a way to force a tree for its rest and to produce profuse blossom and fruits during flushes. It is as a mean of improving yield and fruit quality and maximize the production as well as profit to the grower. In this regard, an experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 at Mizoram University, Mizoram, India to assess the impact of crop regulation on growth, yield, and quality Grapes cv. Bangalore Blue. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design comprising of nineteen treatments viz Control (T1), Flower thinning (T2), Manual berry thinning (T3), Trunk girdling (T4), GA3 (T5), ethephon (T6), Flower thinning + GA3 (T7), Flower thinning + ethephon (T8), Flower thinning + GA3 + ethephon (T9), Manual berry thinning + GA3 (T10), Manual berry thinning + ethephon (T11), Manual berry thinning + GA3 + ethephon (T12), Trunk girdling + Flower thinning (T13), Trunk girdling + Manual berry thinning (T14), Trunk girdling + GA3 (T15), Trunk girdling + ethephon (T16), Trunk girdling + GA3 + ethephon (T17), Trunk girdling + Flower thinning + GA3 + ethephon (T18), and Trunk girdling + manual berry thinning + GA3 + ethephon (T19). The analysis of data indicated that crop regulation with Trunk girdling + manual berry thinning + GA3 + ethephon resulted in maximum shoot length (119.88 cm), shoot diameter (21.01 mm), internodal length (12.58 cm), cane diameter (6.71 mm), per cent fruitful cane (91.27%) and yield per vine (29.37 kg. Crop regulation with trunk girdling + flower thinning + GA3 + ethephon recorded the minimum crop duration (39.08 days) while, in terms of quality parameters, recorded the lowest moisture (79.16 %) and titratable acidity (0.608%) and highest raisin recovery (25.65%), juice (71.13%), TSS (20.50 and TSS: acid ratio (33.71). From the results of the present experiment, it can be concluded that crop regulation influenced markedly the growth, yield and quality of grapes.

14. MARYAM BAYAT*, ELCHIN ORUJOV, MUKHRIDDIN MU MADUMAROV, MEISAM ZARGAR AND ADILSON PEDRO OLIVIO [Evaluation of herbicides application programs for barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fields]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 104-109 (2021). Department of AgroBiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia *(e-mail : maryambayat1313@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT

Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is an annual plant from grass family, which is one of the most problematic weed in tomato production. Herbicide programs are the first highly effective practice for weed control in tomato and have been used in Shahriar from long ago. Field trials were performed over the fall of 2016 and spring of 2017 at the experimental area of the state farm Safadasht, Shahriar region, Iran to survey post-emergence and pre-emergence herbicide program to control barnyard grass in tomato production. Pre-emergence herbicide treatment metribuzin and S-metolachlor were not effective when applied alone, and did not reduce barnyard grass plants compared to the weedy control. Post-emergence transplanting application of halosulfuron did not significantly affect barnyard grass plants at 8 weeks after treatment (WAT) in the fall of 2016, but treatment favorably reduced the density of barnyard grass at 12 WAT in both seasons. Barnyard grass control was greater by preemergence transplanting application of metribuzin or S-metolachlor plus postemergence halosulfuron, and barnyard grass numbers were eventually diminished in both seasons. Experimental treatments did not negatively affect tomato height and yields. Multiple herbicide programs could prove effective in higher barnyard grass control compared to the lone application of pre and post herbicides. The herbicides were selected due to routine use by tomato producers in the area. Using herbicidis from the different herbicide families with different modes of action could facilitate effective management of herbicide-resistant barnyard grass in tomato fields.

15. H. F. Patel*, J. K. Bana, A. I. Makwana, Sanjay Attar and S. S. Gaikwad [Weed control in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through mulching and herbicides under drip irrigation conditions]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 110-115 (2021). Horticulture Polytechnic College Navsari Agricultural University, Paria-396 145, Gujarat, India *(e-mail : hfpatel108@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetable crops in India. It is quite popular amongst small and medium-scale commercial farmers due to high net returns. In India, weeds are the major limiting factor affecting the productivity. Based on this, a field experiment was carried out during three consecutive seasons during 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Agriculture Experimental Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Paria, Gujarat, India to evaluate the effect of weed control in tomato through mulching and herbicides under drip irrigation conditions. Treatments included different types of color plastic mulch, paddy straw mulch, two pre and post-emergence herbicides, weed free and unwedded control. The results showed that significant difference was observed among all the tested treatments in the terms of weed population, plant height, fruits per plant, and yield. Least dry weight of weeds was recorded in the plots treated with black polythene mulch 50µ (125.7 g/m2) followed by red polythene mulch and weed free treatment (134.8 g/m2). Whereas maximum dry weight of weed was observed in unwedded plot (201.3g/m2). Black polythene mulch (50µ) and weed free treatment gave least number of species wise weed count (monocot, dicot and sedges). The maximum plant height, number of fruits per plant and yield was recorded in the black plastic mulch (69.0 cm, 70.52,4.45 kg/plant) followed by silver polythene mulch (66.28 cm, 67.74 number of fruits/plant and 4.28 kg/plant). Thus, black plastic mulch 50µ to be most effective in terms of weed suppression and yield enhancement of tomato crop and must be encouraged for weed management strategies.

16. S. A. Vdovenko*, O. O. Polutin, O. I. Muliarchuk, O. V. Hareba and I. L. Havrys [Peculiarities of tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) field production in Ukraine with the use of different elements of technology]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 116-128 (2021). Department of Forestry, Landscape Gardening, Horticulture and Viticulture Faculty Agronomy and Forestry, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University 3 Sonyachna Str., Vinnytsia, 21000, Ukraine *(e-mail : Serhii.vdo@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Tomatillo is a fairly common plant in South America but is rare for the conditions of the European continent. Therefore, in Ukraine there are no recommendations for its cultivation in specialized vegetable farms. Such recommendations should take into account the biological characteristics of the plant and the application of new elements of technology for plant productivity. The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the main elements of the technology of growing tomatillo for open ground conditions. The aim of the research was to find and optimize such elements in the open ground. To achieve this goal, the tasks solved were selection of high-yielding varieties, identification of the most effective factors for pre-sowing seed treatment and the term of planting seedlings is substantiated. This research was conducted during 2016 to 2018 on the research fields of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (Central part of Ukraine) on gray-podzolic soils. The experimental varieties of tomatillo were divided into two groups (short and tall) according to plant height. Three varieties viz., Ananasovyi, Jemovyi and Kondyter were in the first group with a height of 80.1 to 81.4 cm and the second group included two varieties viz., Marmeladnyi and Korolyok. The varieties of foreign selection including Ananasovyi and Korolyok and, a domestic variety Likhtaryk were characterized by higher yields (30.6 to 32.0 t/ha). By studying the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with heating the seeds at 40°C for 4 hrs or seed treatment with a magnetic field of 50 E for 12 hrs or Baikal EM-1 solution at a dose of 1.0 l/tonne provides an increase in total yield of tomatillo to 33.0 t/ha. When studying the impact of seedlings planting in the open ground, it was found that planting of seedlings was done in the third week of April or first week of May with a seedling age of 60 days under temporary film shelters. The varieties Likhtaryk and Ananasovyi were characterized by early budding in 47-48 days, flowering in 56-57 days, fruit tying in 69-70 days and fruiting in 101days. These varieties form a higher fruit yield of 33.4 t/ha. The biochemical composition determined a higher content of dry matter, protein and ash in the fruits of the variety Korolyok, with an index of 10.7, 1.6 and 1.0 %, respectively. These studies did not research the impact of tillage, pest control to obtain quality and environmentally friendly products and methods of harvesting, therefore, there is a need to further improve the technology of growing tomatillo in the open ground of Ukraine.

17. V. SUNDARAM*, E. VENKADESWARAN AND R. VINOTHMANI [Studies on the mean performance of F4 families of bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus) for growth and yield]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 129-133 (2021). Department of Horticulture Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute Karaikal, Pondicherry University, UT of Puducherry – 609 603, India *(e-mail : sundaramsvn@yahoo.co.in)

ABSTRACT

Bhendi is one of the versatile and nutritious vegetables suited for year-round cultivation owing to its wider adaptability. Due to its’ short duration it could fit well in any cropping system and the cultivation of paddy in the Deltaic Zone with the increased cost of labour and uncertainty over water availability and frequent floods had made it less remunerative. This necessitates the farming community to look for an alternate crop for a continuous and sustained return. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out during 2019 at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, UT of Puducherry, India. The study material comprised of 30 F4 families identified as superior based on the individual plant performance in F3 generation for the major yield contributing traits viz., earliness, number and yield of fruits/plant. Among the 30 F4 families, AE 1-081-808 and AE 1-016-157 were found early to flower in 34.44 days, while the lowest flowering node of 3.89 was observed in AE 1-015-142 and AE 1-007-070. The inter nodal length was the shortest in AE 2-079-782 (5.53 cm), whereas the highest plant height at final harvest was recorded in AE 1-007-070 (160.40 cm). The family AE 2-043-429 (4.00) has recorded the highest number of primary branches/plant at final harvest while, the fruit length observed was the maximum in AE 1-081-808 (14.94 cm). The fruit girth observed was the maximum in AE 2-011-110 (6.68 cm), the highest number of fruits/plant was observed in AE 1-084-832 (27.44). The family AE 1-016-157 (377.31 g) had registered the highest fruit yield/plant among the 30 families evaluated. The F4 families AE 1-016-157 and AE 1-007-070 were found to perform well in terms of various growth and yield traits and can be utilised for further breeding programme.

18. Ivanova M., Gins E., Baikov A., Demyanova-Roy G., Gins V.*, Mizrukhina Y., Zagirov N., Choloquinga M., Dembele L., Litnetskiy A. and Kashleva A. [Influence of different types of AGROTEX™ mulching material on the yield of perennial wall-rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) introduced in Moscow Region]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 134-140 (2021). The Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow region, 143080, Russia *(e-mail : anirr@bk.ru)

ABSTRACT

Surface pesticide chemical treatment of leaf vegetables is forbidden in the Russian Federation. Therefore, the issue of protecting perennial wall-rocket from weeds and western black flea beetles (Phyllotreta pusilla Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)) is relevant. The possible solution to this problem is the use of mulching materials in the cultivation of Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.). In this paper, the effectiveness of various mulching materials was analyzed. This study was conducted during 2020 at in the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow region. In the non-mulched control, the yield of greens for two cuts was about 1.2 kg/m2. Foil mulch provided a yield for two cuts 1.9 kg/m2, black perforated – 1.6 kg/m2, inverted foil – 1.5 kg/m2. For two cuts, the highest yield of greens (the earliest harvest) was obtained using yellow-black mulch – 2.8 kg/m2. Single damage to plants by this pest was revealed on foil and black perforated mulch. On black and yellow mulch, no damage to the leaves by crucifer fleas was noted. The mechanisms by which yellow-black mulch is most effective in repelling crucifer flea beetles will be the subject of further research.

19. I. S. AgasYeva*, V. Ya. Ismailov, A. S. Nastasiy and M. V. Nefedova [Development of methods of biological control of apple moth (Cydia pomonella)]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 141-145 (2021). Laboratory of the State Collection of Entomoakariphages and Initial Assessment of Biological Control Agents Federal Research Centre of Biological Plant Protection, Krasnodar, 350039, Russia *(e-mail : agasieva5@yandex.ru)

ABSTRACT

Systematic and long-term use of pesticides in fruit plantations leads to the formation of resistant pest populations. The formation of resistance in pests and the general trend towards a decrease in chemical treatments require the search for alternative methods of plant protection, as well as the validation of traditional means of protection to minimize the pesticide load on cenoses. This paper studies the violation of normal reproductive functions in the codling moth population using pheromones in conjunction with the baculovirus preparation Fermo-Virin/Cp. The method of disorientation does not guarantee a sufficient effect with a high codling moth population. Therefore, additional treatments with highly toxic chemical insecticides are used. A significant novelty of the research is the integration of the disorientation method with the use of an effective bioinsecticide – the codling moth’s granulosis virus. The studies were carried out in 2015-2020 in organic apple orchards of the Kuban Uchkhoz of the Kuban State Agricultural University, Kolt Technologies LLC, and the ZIGsad LLC farm, as well as in several industrial gardens in Krasnodar Krai (Viktoria CJSC, Sadovod OJSC of the Yeisk College). The effect of disorientation was determined by the number of males caught in the experimental plots in comparison with the control. The biological efficiency was calculated by the number of fruits damaged by the codling moth in the experimental plots in comparison with the control and the reference. It was found that the complementary methods of disrupting the sexual chemical communication of the pest and the use of the AM granulosa virus allow to keep the yield at the level of the chemical standard. Extensive field trials of the baculovirus preparation Fermo-Virin/ CpGv (titer 3×1012, at least 1×1012 granules per gram of granulosis virus) have shown its high efficacy and prospects for biological control of the apple moth in Russian industrial gardens, farms and individual households. The biological effectiveness of the product was 88.3%. When used regularly, the tested system of biological control of the codling moth will lead to the restoration of the mechanisms of natural biocenotic regulation. Providing a prolonged effect, it can be recommended for organic gardening.

20. D. H. Tran*, T. G. Nguyen, H. D. T. Tran, X. P. T. Tran, H. T. Hoang and H. M. T. Dinh [Effects of temperature on the immature development, longevity, feeding and fecundity of Liriomyza chinensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on green bunching onion (Allium fistulosum)]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 146-149 (2021). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University.102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(email : tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

The stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis (Kato), has become a serious pest on Allium spp. However, knowledge concerning the biology of L. chinensis, which affect development of control programs, is still limited. Therefore, this experiment was conducted during 2020 at Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam to study the effects of temperature on development, longevity, feeding and fecundity of L. chinensis under laboratory conditions. Liriomyza chinensis used for the present study were collected from green bunching onion fields at Hue City, Central Vietnam and reared on green bunching onion, Allium fistulosum L. in an environmental chamber at a constant temperature of 25 ± 0.5, 27.5 ± 0.5 and 30 ± 0.5oC, 70±10% RH and a 16L: 8D photoperiod. Developmental time, longevity, feeding and fecundity were inversely proportional to temperature. Total developmental times from egg to adult emergence decreased from 20.9 to 13.4 days for temperatures from 25 to 30oC. The longevities of L. chinensis were 9.2, 10.8 and 12.0 days at 25, 27.5 and 30oC, respectively. Females made the average of 1004.2, 1716.8 and 2549.0 punctures during her lifespan at 25, 27.5 and 30oC, respectively. The females laid means of 54.2, 115.2 and 134.8 eggs at 25, 27.5 and 30oC, respectively. These data are useful for predicting population dynamics of L. chinensis under field conditions and determining the maximum proportion of susceptible individuals for facilitating improved timing of application of control measures.

21. Udalova Zhanna*, Ushakova Nina, Butorina Natalia AND Zinovieva Svetlana [Influence of insectocomposts through Hermetia illucens larvae on nematodes of various ecological-trophic groups]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 150-157 (2021). A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, 119071, Russia *(udalova.zh@rambler.ru)

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted during 2019-20 at IPEE RAS (Moscow, Russia to study the insectocompost formed as a result of the development of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens larvae on various organic substrates, on nematodes of various trophic groups). The analysis of the nematode community forming during cultivation of the lawn grass with the introduction of insectocompost, allowed to reveal a significant increase of bacteriophages, polyphages and predators, and the dominance of bacteriophages in the community structure. The inhibitory effect of a number of insectocomposts on the root-knot nematode in the tomato – Meloidogyne incognita model system was shown. Research results have proven the effectiveness of this insect compost not only as an organic fertilizer, but also as a means of limiting the development of harmful plant-parasitic nematodes and as an instrument to regulate the numbers of the nematode populations.

22. Mehrnoush Aminisarteshnizi* [Efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations on suppression of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) and growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena)]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 158-162 (2021). Department of Research Administration and Development University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : Mehrnush.amini@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes are among the most important causes of reduced eggplant (Solanum melongena) yield. Therefore, an investigation was conducted during 2017 at Shahrekord lab to evaluate the effictiveness of neem application on the control of root-knot nematode in eggplant. During a survey of an eggplant field, M. javanica was identified from the rhizosphere soil samples. Fresh leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica), including positive control (fenamiphos), were investigated in vivo for efficacy against M. javanica in root and soil. Seedlings of eggplant were inoculated with 3000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) M. javanica in pot trials, with treatments comprising fresh leaf extracts of neem (A. indica) a series of concentrations. Fifty-six days after inoculation, the phytonematicide had reduced eggs and J2 in soil by 66-92%, gall number by 48-96%, and gall index by 33-89%. The best treatment was neem (40 ppm) that was a significant difference between neem (20 ppm) and neem (30 ppm) (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference with fenamiphos (P > 0.05). The results showed neem (40 ppm) was the best treatment for controlling root-knot nematode in eggplant.

23. Mehrnoush Aminisarteshnizi* [Evaluation of proteinase K and boiling water for DNA extraction from Helicotylenchus sp.]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 163-166 (2021). Department of Research Administration and Development University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106 Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : Mehrnush.amini@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Genomic DNA is beneficial for nematode study which provides sufficient information for various purposes. Nowadays, DNA-based techniques are used as a supplementary method to identify species of this genus and phylogenetic studies more accurately and efficiently. However, DNA extraction of plant-parasitic is challenging. Additionally, some methods such as chloroform are hazardous. Helicotylenchus is one of the critical plant-parasites nematodes that cause damage to agricultural products. This study was conducted from March to April 2019 at the University of Limpopo, South Africa to evaluate two DNA extraction methods’ efficiency. Helicotylenchus sp. was collected from the grass in a garden and identified using the conventional method. Besides in a method, after transferring live nematodes (5, 10, and 20 alive individuals) to the Eppendorf sterile tubes containing 16 µL twice sterile distilled water, the nematodes were crushed by a sterile needle and then the tubes were immersed in 1000C boiling water for 10 minutes. In this method, no proteinase K was used. After DNA extraction, the samples were tested using D2-D3 primers of the 28S rDNA genomic region. Furthermore, the PCR product showed that DNA extraction from Helicotylenchus sp. using 10 and 20 individuals yielded the DNA for PCR processing toward species identification. Additionally, the other method using proteinase K also was used for DNA extraction which the result showed sufficient quality of the extracted DNA. DNA can be extracted in both methods for Helicotylenchus, however, when the proteinase K is not available, DNA extraction using boiling water with enough individuals can be used.

24. Mehrnoush Aminisarteshnizi* [Lipid content in the juvenile, female and male of Acrobeles complexus nematode]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 167-170 (2021). Department of Research Administration and Development University of Limpopo, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail : Mehrnush.amini@gmail.com ; mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Acrobeles complexus is a free-living bacterivorous nematode that lives in soil. As lipid is a source of stored energy in nematodes, larvae, females, and males of A. complexus were studied. The nematode was extracted from soil using the modified Baermann technique. The nematode was then preserved according to the available protocols. Oil red O was used for lipid staining. A method was used for staining lipid in the juvenile, female and male stages of A. complexus. The nematodes were fixed with FA4:1 for 24 hours at 370C, then excessive fixative was removed, and a solution of saturated oil red O in 96% ethanol was added to each Petri dish and was kept for 25 minutes at 600C. Excess oil red O was removed, nematodes were washed twice with 70% ethanol, and were transferred to pure glycerin. Lipid droplets were viewed by light microscopy and appeared as dark red of various sizes within the nematodes. A study of about 50 nematodes showed that juveniles have more lipid than males and females. Albeit, females, have more lipids than males. In conclusion, a study of lipid demonstrated that larvae could tolerate challenging environmental conditions that affect their population dynamic, particularly in the winter season.

25. P. L. DESHMUKH*, S. G. BHARAD, S. S. MANE, D. M. PANCHBHAI AND V. S. KALE [Influence of weather parameters on powdery mildew and malformation incidence in different mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars under western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 171-177 (2021). Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444104 (Maharashtra), India *(e-mail : pravindeshmukh1991@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The western Vidarbha region experiences vast changes in climate particularly during flowering and fruiting of mango and causes high yield losses due to powdery mildew and malformation incidence caused by extreme weather conditions during the current years. Hence, the present study was conducted to study the influence of weather parameters on powdery mildew and malformation incidence in different mango cultivars and to find out the superior cultivar against powdery mildew and malformation incidence under western Vidarbha condition of Maharashtra. In this regard, a field experiment was conducted during mango seasons of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Faculty of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with five replications. The cultivars were considered as a factor and each tree under study as a replication. The results revealed that lower powdery mildew incidence was observed in cv. Dashehari (31.92%). However, the higher powdery mildew incidence was noted in cv. Vanraj (47.89%), Similarly, the lower malformation incidence was recorded in cv. Dashehari (1.62%) which was at par with cvs. Mallika, Neelum and Amrapali while it was severe in cv. Pairi (4.79%). All the studied cultivars showed varying response in relation to the powdery mildew and malformation incidence. It can be concluded that in mango cv. Dashehari followed by Mallika and Amrapali, the presence or absence of symptoms caused by the powdery mildew had no such effect on the fruit yield.

26. S. B. CHAVAN AND D. K. KOCHE* [Correlating medicarpin content of chickpea cultivars as a key defense compound against Fusarium wilt]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 178-182 (2021). Department of Botany Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce and Science Akola-444003, Maharashtra, India *(e-mail : dipakkoche43@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Fusarium wilt is one of the most important diseases on chickpea crop grown in Indian subcontinent, leading huge damage in crop productivity. A study was conducted during 2016 to 2019 at the field of Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Akola, Maharashtra, India to investigate the wilt resistance and role of phytoalexin medicarpin as a defense compound in the different cultivars of chickpea. Four Chickpea cultivars (Digvijay, Vijay, Jaki and JG-62) were analyzed in vivo and in vitro for natural and induced level of antimicrobial compound i.e., phytoalexin medicarpin in their leaves to confirm their resistance status against fusarium wilt. It was observed that, medicarpin content in leaves of naturally grown chickpea cultivars increases gradually from 10th day after germination. However, the initial content and rate of increase differ in all four cultivars. In leaves of cultivar Digvijay and Vijay it was found to increase till fruiting stage and maturity with disease incidence of 7 and 12%, respectively. In cultivars Jaki and JG-62, it starts declining from flowering onwards with disease incidence of 34 and 38% respectively. The in vitro studies showed that, the medicarpin content in cotyledons and seedlings elicited with fusarium cell wall elicitor (FCWE) was highest on fourth day of elicitation but the content was significantly lesser in Jaki and JG-62 as compare to Digvijay and Vijay. This indicates that, medicarpin is an essential compound in chickpea which play vital role in defending fusarium wilt either solely or in synergistic action with other defense related compounds.

27. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Physical attribute, antioxidant activity and sensory characteristic of rice (Oryza sativa) paper enriched with Moringa oleifera extract]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 183-187 (2021). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Rice paper prepared from non-glutinous rice commonly found in Southeast Asia is used very often in the making spring rolls. Moringa oleifera is one of the most important herbs having high antioxidant and pharmacological properties. In order to improve the functional properties of rice paper, it’s necessary to enrich rice paper with moringa. This research was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam to examine the feasibility of Moringa oleifera extract in different enrichments (2.5, 4.0, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5%) to the rice paper quality in respect of firmness (N), total phenolic content (TPC, µg/mL), total flavonoid content (TFC, µg/mL), free radical scavenging activity (% DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, µg/mL) and sensory characteristic (score). Results revealed that there was a reduction of firmness (from 27.23±0.02 N to 11.75±0.00 N) but increment of antioxidant activities such as TPC (from 64.75±0.00 µg/mL to 79.54±0.01 µg/mL), TFC (from 11.63±0.01 µg/mL to 18.66±0.03 µg/mL), % DPPH (from 26.11±0.02 % to 32.45±0.01 %), FRAP (68.47±0.00 µg/mL 76.14±0.02 µg/mL) and enrichment of organoleptic property (from 6.85±0.03 to 8.29±0.00) by adding Moringa oleifera extract. Firmness, TPC, TFC, % DPPH, FRAP and sensory score were shown the acceptable values at 7.0% Moringa oleifera extract supplementation. Rice paper enriched with Moringa oleifera extract showed promising antioxidant potential. Moringa oleifera extract could be applied as a phytochemical source suitable in rice paper preparation.

28. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Formulation of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and soursop (Annona muricata) juice for processing blended fruit drink]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 188-192 (2021). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Pitaya fruit has recently drawn much attention both for its economic value and potential health benefits which can be further enhanced by addition of soursop juice a rich source of phenolic antioxidants with a high antioxidant activity. Both pitaya and soursop fruits are perishable during post-harvest and very rapidly ripen becoming mushy and difficult to consume fresh. In an attempt to diversify value-added products from these miracle fruits, this research was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam to examine different ratios of pitaya and soursop on the physico-chemical and sensory properties of blended pitya-soursop beverage. A total of 6 blending experiments viz., pitaya juice; blended pitaya: soursop juice (85: 15); blended pitaya: soursop juice (70: 30); blended pitaya: soursop juice (55: 45); blended pitaya: soursop juice (40: 60); blended pitaya: soursop juice (25: 75). The blended aliquots were pasteurized at 75oC for 6 minutes, blended and cooled immediately to 4oC. prior physico-chemical and sensory analysis. Results revealed that the brightness and yellowness tended to increase with increasing soursop proportion. When the soursop juice increased, the red color and viscosity values reduced the tendency for the percentage of acidity, vitamin C increased in comparison with the pitaya juice. There was a tendency for pH and anthocyanin values decreased in comparison to the pitaya sample due to the reduction of pitaya juice mixed with soursop juice. A formulation of pitaya: soursop juice @ 40: 60 ratio is an appropriate combination.

29. SEHLAPELO A. M., K. G. SHADUNG* AND M. S. MPHOSI [Influence of time of harvest on essential and non-essential mineral elements of Jatropha zeyheri tea leaves]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 193-201 (2021). Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : kagiso.given349@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Jatropha zeyheri an indigenous plant of Africa grows naturally in the wild and is used as a tea beverage in most rural areas. However, the quantity of essential and non-essential mineral elements in J. zeyheri tea leaves as affected by time of harvest is yet to be determined. Therefore, a study was conducted during 2018 at the University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa (23°5310S, 29°4415E) to investigate the effect of harvesting times on essential and non-essential mineral elements of J. zeyheri leaves. Five treatments constituting harvesting months (February, March, April, May and June) were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with 10 replications. The sample were prepared using microwave digestion system (PerkinElmer, Titan MPS, United States) and essential mineral (Fe, P, K, Mg, S, Ca, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn) and non-essential mineral elements (Al, Co, Cr, Na and Si) were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICPE-9000 Shimadzu, Japan). Harvesting times had highly significant effects on essential mineral elements Fe, K, P and S contributing 65, 73, 67 and 69% in TTV, respectively, whereas Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn and Ni were significant contributing 62, 58, 62, 66 and 55% in TTV, respectively. However, harvesting times had non-significant effects on Zn. Moreover, significant effects on non-essential mineral elements Al, Co, Cr and Na contributing 60, 53, 58 and 57% in TTV of the respective variables observed, whereas it had no significant effect on Si. P, Mn, Cu, Ca, Fe, S, Ni, Mg and K over different harvesting times exhibited positive quadratic relations with the models explained by 90, 87, 63, 65, 80, 70, 65, 77 and 85%, respectively, with the optimisation achieved at 2.46 months. The results showed that J. zeyheri leaves are a great source of essential and non-essential mineral elements. Also, increasing harvesting times of J. zeyheri leaves also increased the accumulation of most mineral elements. The results suggested that J. zeyheri leaves should be harvested between April and May in order to improve its quality.

30. HOANG PHAN HAI YEN* AND NGUYEN THI HOAI** [Assessing climate risk to cassava (Manihot esculenta) yield based on rainfed]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 202-207 (2021). 1School of Social Sciences Education Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam (e-mail : *hoangphanhaiyen@vinhuni. edu.vn; **hoaint@vinhuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Sowing of cassava is frequently encountered with lack of irrigation water due to the occurrence of meteorological drought, resulting in the decline of yields or even complete crop failure. This research was examined during 2000 to 2019 based on the CropWat model to predict cassava yield in the cultivation regions of Tanh Linh district in the context of climate change (CCC). The performance of applied model was valued based on the climate data, soil and crop management during the studied period. The valued results stated that error indices (RMSE = 0.26 ÷ 0.34, R2 = 0.83 ÷ 0.912 and d = 0.78 ÷ 0.88) proved the CropWat model’s efficiency for simulating cassava yield across the study area. The simulation showed that the optimal cultivation entrance (OCE) varied from 5th to 22nd April, when the cassava yield achieved up to 46.4 ton per ha for spring crop and 42.3 ton per ha for summer crop from 17th to 24th of April. The results indicated that precipitation strongly influenced the cultivation processes as well as cassava yield in the study area. Based on the finding, it can be stated that cultivation seasonal of main cassava crops is not suitable to the weather conditions. In general, farmers need to alter in the cultivation seasonal to minimize the adverse effects of precipitation factor as well as contribute to improve crop yield.

31. Alabi Khadijat Oyebisi AKO*, Afe Ade Isaac AAI, Fasakin Kola FK and Lawal Oluwafemi Oluwatosin LOO [Evaluation of seed of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) cultivars as influenced by minisett sizes in the Southern Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 208-215 (2021). Teaching and Research Farm, Malete and Olla locations Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture Kwara State University, Malete, PMB 1530, Nigeria *(e-mail : alabioyebisi@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Enormous quantity of table-size yams that are capable of guaranteeing national food security are used as seeds in yam cultivation annually, which negatively impact yam availability for consumption. Hence, there is need for effective production of yam minisett, in order to reduce the dependence on wareyams for seeds, towards sustainable yam production necessary for food security. Therefore, field trials were carried out at two contrasting ecological zones during 2019 planting season at Teaching and Research Farm, Malete and Olla, both in Kwara State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the vegetative growth and tuber yield of white yam cultivars (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) as influenced by minisett size. Three commonly grown white yam cultivar [O dara bi iyawo (ODA), Aamula (AMA), Omi-efun (OMF)] and four minisett sizes (50, 100, 150 and 200 g) of each cultivar were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using split-plot arrangement replicated three times. Significant variations were observed among the yam sett sizes and cultivars. Tuber yield also varied significantly with ODA>AMA>OMF regardless of location. The sizes of harvested minisett tubers increased in descending order (200>150>100>50). Although leaf production rate, vine length, leaf area index, and number of leaves per plant were poor for the 50 and 100 g minisett sizes, but tuber multiplication rate and tuber weight were higher in these minisett sizes than the other sizes. Particularly for cultivars ODA and AMA, the multiplication rate of 50 g size minisett was significantly higher than for the larger size minisetts. Based on the results obtained in this study, 50 – 100 g, 100 g, and 100 – 150 g minisett sizes for ODA, AMA and OMF, respectively, is found suitable for minisett production. In fact, further increase from 150 to 200 g minisett for the evaluated cultivars will produce wareyam above desired seed-yam size for commercial production.

32. RIFAT JAHAN, MOHAMMED ARIF SADIK POLASH**, MD. MASUDUL KARIM, SADIYA AREFIN JUTHEE, MD. SOLAIMAN ALI FAKIR AND MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN* [Extraction, characterization and biochemical analysis of betacyanins derived from beetroot (Beta vulgaris)]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 216-223 (2021). 1Department of Crop Botany Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh (e-mail : *alamgir.cbot@bau.edu.bd ; **arifsadik@kau.edu.bd)

ABSTRACT

Natural pigments, betalains represent a promising and safe alternative to the synthetic colors or dyes. Therefore, the present study was conducted during June to September 2020 at Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in collaboration with Department of Crop Botany, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna to extract betalains pigment from red beetroot and to evaluate the proximate composition, the stability of color, phenolic compounds, flavonoids contents along with its antioxidant properties. The beetroot extract was obtained and then demonstrated absorbance peaks at 230 and 538 nm under UV/Vis spectrophotometric analysis. Absorbance peak at 538 indicated the presence of betacyanin, a type of betalains. Degradation of betacyanin color intensity due to pH was monitored with a UV/Vis spectrophotometer at 538 nm and Hunter Lab colorimeter, respectively. Results revealed that at low pH ranging from 3 to 6 was able to preserve the color whilst a significant degradation was noticed at high pH 10. The phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of beetroot were 16.88 and 10.80%, respectively, of the mass of the extract and their contents in the aqueous extract were 7.812 and 4.77%, respectively. The reducing powers of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were also determined. The reducing power was increased by increasing the sample concentration and reached 88.89% for the ethanolic and 80.89% for the aqueous extract. Finally, betacyanins derived from red beetroot showed remarkable antioxidant properties suggesting its potential application in food industries and natural functional pigment.

33. Thanh Mai Nguyen* and Senaratne L. Ranamukhaarachchi [Yield evaluation of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) on wheat straw mix substrates]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 224-230 (2021). Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenmaithanh@tdtu.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

King oyster mushroom with aroma has a commercial value in many countries worldwide. Due to increasing demands, researchers pay special attention to utilize suitable raw materials as media for growing this mushroom. This study, as a continuation of several studies, was conducted to identify further inputs for raising productivity of P. eryngii. The raw materials used were local recyclable residues including cardboard (C), spent coffee ground (SCG) and wheat straw (S) as substrates. The main culture was prepared using potato dextrose (PDA) and the spawns were propagated using rye grains. Four substrate formulations (F) were composed for the formation of basidiocarp: viz., F1 (100% S); F2 (50% S + 50% C); F3 (70% S + 30% C), and F4 (50% S + 50% SCG). Duration for spawn run and pinhead formation was recorded. The mean values of the shortest period for running spawn and pinhead initiation were in the substrate formulation F2 (33 and 47 days, respectively), while the longest period was in the substrate F4 with 62 and 78 days, respectively. The mushroom was harvested at the earliest in 60 days in F2, while it took 67 days in the substrate formulation F3 and 71 days in F1.  The highest yield per 500g of the substrate (with 65% moisture) was 131 g in F2 (50% S + 50% C) while no oyster mushroom yield was not produced in the substrate F4 with 50% S+50% SCG.  The results showed that 50% wheat straw + 50% cardboard mixture was by far superior to the other formulations tested. Spent coffee ground failed to support the growth and yield of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii).

34. Ali Saeed Atiyah Al-Janabi* and Arshad Naji Alhasnawi** [Evaluation of fertilizers effect on the maACO1gene expressions in mulberry (Morus alba) transplants]. Res. on Crops 22 (1) : 231-238 (2021). 1Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Department Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq *(e-mail : ali.aljanabi@uokufa.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

The application of molecular markers in agricultural growth characteristics is an important factor, which is highly worthy of attention. This investigation was conducted during growing season of 2018-19 at private nursery in Iraq to assess the effects of nanotechnology-manufactured organic (marine alga extracts) and chemical fertilisers (potassium and phosphor) on the growth aspects of mulberry transplant. The experiment comprised of mulberry transplants that were subjected to nano marine alga extracts having concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mL/L, nano-potassium having concentrations of 1 and 2 g/L and nano phosphor having concentration 1 and 2 g/L. Furthermore, the control treatment comprised no spraying, instead, they were treated twice with a foliar spray. The vegetative growth aspects and gene expression determination of the maACO1 gene applicable for 1-aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylate was included with maActin as a housekeeping gene. The observations indicated that the use of nanoMarine Alga in combination with the control treatment enhanced a majority of the growth aspects (number of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry matter, chlorophyll, plant length and diameter). Gene expression analysis indicated high expression of maACO1 gene in all the mulberry transplants that were treated with nano-potassium, nano-phosphor, while treatment using nanoMarine Alga at 1 mL/L led to the lowest gene expression. Furthermore, organic fertilizer content affected growth aspects, gene expression level, and nutrient-use efficiency. The overall results suggested that the specific gene expression is diagnostic for use of nanotechnology-manufactured organic and chemical fertilizers and may therefore have useful applications in defining the differences between fertilizers grown mulberry.

*******************************