Volume 21, No. 4 (December, 2020)
1. ADARSH S.* AND JACOB JOHN [Response of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) to pulses grown in summer rice fallows]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 659-665 (2020). College of Agriculture, Padannakkad Regional Agricultural Research Station (KAU) Pilicode-670353, Kasaragod, Kerala, India *(e-mail : sssadarshsss@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The greatest challenge lies to make rice cultivation more remunerative by inclusion of different crops in fallow periods of rice-based cropping systems is often hindered due to residual effects of fallow grown crops on succeeding rice crop. Therefore, a field study was undertaken during summer 2018 at College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Kasaragod, Kerala, India to find the residual effect of various pulse crops (cowpea, black gram, green gram and red gram) grown in summer fallows of double cropped lowland paddy fields under varying nitrogen doses on succeeding rice crop grown in the same plot. Growth attributes like plant height (108.8 cm), tillers per m2 (341.0), yield parameters like number of productive tillers per m2 (255.7), grain yield (5035.0 kg/ha), straw yield (11037.0 kg/ha), harvest index (0.38) were at par in all treatments in rice cultivated after pulse crops. The thousand grain weight was highest in plots where cowpea (27.02 g) and green gram (26.91 g) with 100 % Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) (90:45:45 kg/ha) were grown during summer. The N uptake of rice (321.3 kg per ha) was significant with red gram (75 % RDN). The economic parameters viz., gross returns (199833.3 Rs./ha), net returns (106754 Rs. per ha), benefit cost (B:C) (2.11) ratio was on par among all treatments in rice. There is no adverse effect on rice from pulses even when nutrient stress was induced.
2. MAISA’A IBRAHIM SOOMAN, NIDAL ODAT, SAEID ABU-ROMMAN, MAEN HASAN AND ABDEL RAHMAN AL TAWAHA [The effects of allelopathy of mustard (Brassica nigra) on water content and gene expression of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare)]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 666-670 (2020). 1Department of Medical Laboratories Faculty of Science, Al Balqa Applied University, Jordan *(e-mail : nidalodat@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) contains defensive chemical compounds that hampered the growth and the development of several plants including barley. Therefore, the present study was conducted during 2015-16 at Al-Balqa Applied University of Jordan. different genotypes of barley in Jordan were studied for the allelopathic effect of mustard. The results revealed that the relative water content of shoot was not affected by the studied extract. Contrarily, root relative water content of barley was significantly influenced by the allelopathic mixture of leaf and whole plant. The differential response of root and shoot of barley to the allelopathy of Brassica seems to be related to the fact that extract from Brassica primary influenced membranes permeability. Moreover, result found that the expressions levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) genes varied but not varied according to genotypic of the studied barley. Ct values (a measure of relative gene expression) revealed that the Mn-SOD gene was the most expressed among the studied genotypes. The higher transcript (mRNA) of this gene at leaf extract was found to be at concentration of 4 g/100 mL and it was upregulated about (12 folds) in Irbid genotype. On the other hand, at 12 g/100 mL the gene was also highly expressed (15 folds) in Athroh genotype. Moreover, at 20 g/100 mL the gene level was highly upregulated (32.65 folds) in Irbid genotype. Whereas, in the genotype of Mutah and Acsad, the gene expression was downregulated when barley was subjected to 4 g/100 mL of leaf material and varied about 0.81-fold and 0.78-fold. On the other hand, the Mn-SOD gene under plant materials at 4 g/100 mL were found to be upregulated in the Amman genotype. Whereas at 12 g/100 mL Mn-SOD was found significantly higher (about 24-fold) in Acsad and less regulated about (0.084) in Maan genotype. The results presented in this work suggest that allelopathic effects of Brassica nigra is genotypic and concentration dependent.
3. S. MUBAROK*, A. NURAINI, F. Y. WICAKSONO AND M. A. H. QONIT [Effects of compost and phosphorus on growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata)]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 671-675 (2020). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail : syariful.mubarok@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Sweet corn is an important crop with high economic value but lower productivity is not fulfilling the current requirement which could be attained by optimizing plant fertilizer. This study was conducted during the wet season of 2020 at Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia to find out the effect of compost and phosphate dosage on growth and yields of sweet corn. The experiment was laid out in factorial Randomized Block Design with with first factor as compost dosage in three levels (K1 = 20, K2 = 40 and K3 = 60 t/ha) and the second factor phosphorus dosage in four levels (P1 = 15, P2 = 45, P3 = 75 and P4 = 105 kg/ha). The results showed that there was no interaction between compost and phosphorus dosages on growth and yield of sweet corn cv. ‘Bisi Sweet’. The application of 60 t/ha compost increased the weight of corn cobs per plant (397.08 g) and also increased the corn cob diameter (5.12 cm). The application of phosphorus 75 kg/ha increased the weight of corn cob per plant (390.00 g). Therefore, compost and phosphorus are needed for sweet corn to improve plant growth and yield.
4. H. K. SACHAN*, DEEKSHA KRISHNA AND A. PRASAD [Combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilization on the growth and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata)]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 676-680 (2020). College of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, PO Box 1544 Nausori, Fiji *(e-mail : sachanhk@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Average yield of pulses is very low in Fiji compared to other countries due to various reasons including imbalanced nutrient management. Limited information is available on pulse specific nutrient management, therefore, this research conducted during 2020 at College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Koronivia Campus, Fiji National University, Fiji, aimed to study the combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilization on the growth and yield of mung bean. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications comprising seven treatments. Results revealed that treatment 100% NPK+ PM @ 5 t/ha recorded maximum plant height (65.61 cm), number of leaves (26.0 per plant), number of branches (13.27 per plant) and leaf area (113.0 cm2) followed by 100 % NPK + FYM @ 12 t/ha and PM @ 5 t/ha. Treatment 100% NPK+ PM @ 5 t/ha also recorded significantly higher maximum yield (1.83 t/ha), stover yield (2.99 t/ha) and production efficiency (13.94 kg/day/ha). The above findings concluded that the combination of 100 % NPK (200 kg/ha) along with poultry manure @ 5 t/ha is the optimum dose of organic and inorganic fertilizers to enhance the growth and yield of mung bean.
5. SVETLANA V. KUSHNARENKO*, NATALYA V. ROMADANOVA AND MOLDIR M. ARALBAYEVA [Current state and in vitro conservation of the only endangered population of Corylus avellana in Kazakhstan]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 681-686 (2020). Laboratory of Germplasm Cryopreservation Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology Timiryazev Str. 45, 050040 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan *(e-mail : svetlana_bio@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is an important temperate nut crop. Wild germplasm is of great importance for breeding programs to develop new varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. The only native population of C. avellana is registered in Western Kazakhstan; this species listed in the Red Book of the country. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted during 2018-2019 at the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan with an aim to assess the state of this population and to collect nuts for in vitro preservation. During the expedition, trees, leaves, involucres, nuts, and kernels were characterized for 60 wild C. avellana accessions using 27 qualitative and quantitative standard descriptors following Biodiversity International guidelines. The study revealed an unsatisfactory state of C. avellana population. Of particular concern is the lack of natural seed propagation in the population. Most of the accessions (70.0%) lacked nut bearing, and 30.0% had only sporadic nuts. A high degree of damage by pests and diseases was recorded. The few seeds collected from 18 nut bearing trees were introduced into in vitro culture as excised embryonic axes. In 16.7% of the excised embryonic axes, necrosis and darkening of the tissues were observed. In vitro shoots obtained from 83.3% embryonic axes were indexed for endophyte contamination on the 523 detections medium and in vitro collection of aseptic shoot culture was established. These accessions from Kazakhstan have never been cultured before, so this study contributes to the preservation of important Corylus genetic resources.
6. NGUYEN PHUOC MINH* [Evaluation of physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of spray dried avocado (Persea americana) powder under storage conditions]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 687-692 (2020). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Avocado is an excellent fruit with high nutritional values and multiple benefits for the human beings. Due to high perishable nature, the dehydrated avocado powder is successfully obtained via spray drying and the shelf life depends on the storage procedure. Therefore, the present study was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam to evaluate the impact of accelerated storage temperature and time on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of spray dried avocado powder. This powder was preserved in aluminum laminated polyethylene bags in different accelerated storage temperatures (30, 45 and 55oC), and durations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks). Results revealed that accelerated storage temperatures and prolonged storage durations affected the physicochemical and antioxidant attributes (bulk density, tapped density, solubility, dispersibility, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content) of the spray dried avocado powder. Bulk and tapped density of the spray dried powder were significantly increased (0.67÷0.81 g/mL and 0.86÷0.99 g/mL, respectively) from the 9th week of storage at 45°C or 55oC. Meanwhile dispersibility, total phenolic and flavonoid were dramatically decreased (0.02÷0.005 optical density, 196.12÷97.64 mg GAE/ 100 g, 104.37÷42.05 mg QE/100 g, respectively) at 45oC after 9th weeks or 55oC after 6th week of storage. The solubility of the powder was not significantly different (97.35÷97.45 %) during accelerated storage temperature for 12 weeks.
7. GAURAV THAKUR* AND KAMAL DEV [Phytochemical analysis of leaves of Aegle marmelos from Himalayan Region]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 693-696 (2020). Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Bajhol-171005, PO : Sultanpur, District Solan (H. P.), India *(e-mail : gauravthakur.biotech@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae), is native to India , popularly known as bael is a deciduous tree and the basis of marmalade, having extensive medicinal, pharmacological, ethnomedicinal and conventional properties with further extensively use in the Indian traditional system of medicine the Ayurveda along with its use in various folk medicine to treat myriad ailments. Out of different plant species present globally humans use approximately 10-15% of them to fulfill their basic needs such as food, medicine and shelter. Aegle marmelos,with capacity to acclimatize successfully to a wide range of habitats, is used to cure various diseases. This present study was conducted during march 2017 at Shoolini universiry, Solan (H.P) to November 2017 to study the presence of various secondary metabolites present in leaves of Aegle maemelos.The study was initiated with the prepration of extracts by soxhlet extraction in three different solvents i.e. aqueous, methanol and chloroform. The aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos collected from Himalayan region revealed the presence of various bioactive phytochemicals. The aqueous extract showed the appearance of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenols. The methanolic extract showed the comportment of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and phlobatannins,while the chloroform extract had the presence of saponins, cardiacglycosides, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids and phlobatannins respectively. The presence of these compounds indicates the potential therapeutic value of this plant and hence extremelyuseful in medicinal sciences.
8. NGUYEN PHUOC MINH* [Effect of chitosan-silver nanoparticle coating on mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) preservation]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 697-702 (2020). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Mangosteen a delicious fruit with high economic value has a short shelf-life which is a biggest obstacle in its wide scale consumption and transportation. Edible biopolymers coating can provide a replacement as well as fortify natural layers to prevent moisture loss, while selectively allowing for controlled gas exchange involved in respiration process. To further evaluate, a study was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam to examine the possibility of chitosan-silver nanoparticle coating to preserve mangosteen fruit for 35 days. Our results revealed that chitosan 0.4%: AgNO3 1 mM showed significant time delay of ripening of the fruits by retaining the weight loss, firmness, total soluble solid, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content. By the chitosan-silver nanoparticle coating, shelf life of mangosteen fruit would be effectively extended for 35 days.
9. ALEKSEY L. BAKUNOV*, NADEZHDA N. DMITRIEVA, ALEKSEY V. MILEKHIN AND SERGEY L. RUBTSOV [Integral assessment of potato varieties of different ripeness groups by productivity and disease resistance under the conditions of middle Volga region of Russia]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 703-706 (2020). Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS Samara Scientific Research Agriculture Institute named after N. M. Tulaykov 41, K. Marx St., Bezenchuk, 446254, Russia *(e-mail : ale171758@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In Samara region, potato growing season is characterized by the elevated stress effect on plants. The main limiting factors include increased temperature regime, soil and air drought, and high infectious background. Therefore, a 4-year study conducted during 2015 to 2018 at Samara Federal Research Scientific Center, Bezenchuk, Russia on domestic and foreign selection potato varieties in Samara region. The experiment included 30 varieties: ten early-ripening, ten middle-early, and ten mid-season-ripening and middle-late varieties. It was shown that the average productivity of the middle-early variety group was significantly higher than that of early-ripening and mid-season-ripening varieties. The minimum variability of the yield indicator was also noted in the group of middle-early varieties. When using the method of integral assessment of the varieties by a complex of economically valuable indicators, it was found that in local agroecological conditions, the middle-early varieties have an advantage over plants of the other ripeness groups. The best middle-early varieties Sparta, Arosa and Yubilej Zhukova that were characterized by a combination of high yields and high resistance to viral and fungal diseases were identified and recommended for cultivation.
10. S. E. GARAMON* AND A. Z. AL-MOKADEM [Adsorptive removal of some heavy metal ions by native and activated potato (Solanum tuberosum) peels as a low-cost biosorbents]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 707-711 (2020). Chemistry Department College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia *(e-mail : salwachem@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Treatment of wastewater is becoming an interest of an increasing importance. Low amounts of contaminated heavy metals would pollute large volumes of water. Therefore, the present study was conducted during the current year in northern Saudi Arabia to assess the efficacy in removal of heavy metal ions by native (NPP) and activated (APP) potato peels (PP) using adsorption processes. Biosorption experiments were carried out in a batch process which contains the factors like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and metal ion concentration. Both adsorbents (NPP and APP) showed to be efficient in removing Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) from aqueous solutions. Activated potato peels were a more effective adsorbent compared to native potato peels. The present results propose that potato peels are eco-friendly, effective and low cost biosorbent which signifies an exceptional potential for removal of heavy metal under study from aqueous solutions.
11. T. A. DANG [Assessing the effectiveness of drip irrigation combined with agricultural mulches on the performance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under water constraint conditions of Lam Dong Province, Vietnam]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 712-718 (2020). 1University of Science 227 Nguyen Van Cu Str., 5 Dist., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam *(e-mail : dtan@hcmus.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
The present investigation was undertaken during the spring crop (January to June 2019) at greenhouse in the Don Duong cultivation farm, Lam Dong province, Vietnam to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation combined with agricultural mulches on RITA tomato. The study is conducted applying agricultural mulches in greenhouse (AMG) with irrigation water level (IWL) 80% of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and no agricultural mulches outside greenhouse (AMO) with IWL 100% of ETa to plant tomatoes cuttings. Based on the findings, highest tomato yield obtained for AMG was 81.6 ton/ha while for AMO was 67.8 ton/ha. The highest income for AMO case was US$ 4559/ha while for AMG case achieved up to US$ 7658/ha. The study, therefore, demonstrated the effect of the drip irrigation combined with agricultural mulches compared to the agricultural un-mulches case.
12. SVETLANA NEKOVAL*, IRINA LYSKO, ANASTASIA BELYAEVA AND ARINA CHURIKOVA [Features of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seed formation in fruits of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids and their parental forms]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 719-728 (2020). 1Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection” p/o 39, Krasnodar 350039, Russia *(e-mail : s.nekoval@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
The features of the reproductive potential of wild tomato species L. hirsutum var. glabratum and L. esculentum var. racemigerum, as well as mutant forms (Mo 393, Mo 628, Mo 755) and the Marglob variety, their hybrids for the use of the revealed patterns for the needs of practical breeding. The aim of this research was to study seed productivity and assess the fertility of interspecific and intraspecific F1 hybrids of tomato plants and their parental forms. The studies were carried in the laboratory of the tomato genetic collection, as well as at the experimental base of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection”, Krasnodar, Russia. Ten interspecific (Marglob × L. esculentum var. racemigerum, Marglob × L. hirsutum var. glabratum, Mo 393 × L. esculentum var. racemigerum, Mo 628 × L. esculentum var. racemigerum, Mo 755 × L. esculentum var. racemigerum, Mo 393 × L. hirsutum var. glabratum, Mo 755 × L. hirsutum var. glabratum) and intraspecific (Marglob × Mo 393, Marglob × Mo 628, Marglob × Mo 755) F1 hybrids of tomato plants were used for this study. A statistically significant effect of the genotype of parental forms and F1 hybrids of tomato plants on insemination and fruit weight was established. The share of the corresponding variance was 79.1 and 92.6%, respectively. It was revealed that the location of the reproductive organs within the same plant significantly affects the insemination rate of the fruits. It has been established that with an increase in the serial number of the fruit, its insemination increases. The highest rates of seed productivity and seed fertility in intraspecific and interspecific hybrids are characteristic of the second and third racemes, which must be taken into account in breeding practice.
13. ABOLUSORO P. F., ADEKOLA, O. F., ABDULRAHAMAN A. A., ABOLUSORO S. A.*, AREMU C. O., DARAMOLA F. Y. AND IGE S. A. [Variability of selected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars for yield traits and storability under southern Guinea Savannah ecological vegetation]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 729-735 (2020). Department of Agriculture Education Kogi State College of Education Technical, Kabba, Nigeria *(e-mail : abolusoro.stephen@lmu.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
Right planting time, use of improved cultivars and good agronomic practices are the major strategies for increasing tomato production. Therefore, a screen house experiment was conducted during 2017 and 2018 at Kabba college of Agriculture, Kogi state, Nigeria to investigate the variable characteristics associated with tomato cultivars aimed to assess the most promising tomato cultivar to be adopted for large-scale production based on their yield and fruit quality. Ten local and ten exotic cultivars were selected for the study. Seedlings were raised in a nursery and transplanted to the screen house at four weeks after planting. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design with each treatment replicated three times. Data was obtained for growth, yield and quality parameters and were subjected to analysis of variance using Fisher least significant difference (FLSD) at 5% probability level. The result from the experiment indicated significant differences in all the growth and yield parameters. The fruit quality and storability also varied across the cultivars. The result of the study showed that Dankarufi, Ishaze, Boomarang, Cobra and Riogrande were significantly better than other cultivar in terms of yield and storagibility as the recorded 0% fruit rot at day 10 of the study compare with Aho aveg, Gou, and Igede local that recorded 80% fruit rot at day 10 of the experiment. Dankarufi, Ishaze, Boomarang, Cobra and Riogrande are therefore recommended for future study in quest for the development of high yielding and longer storability tomato fruits for large scale or commercial production.
14. O. A. DADA* AND S. PHAKATHI [Response of eggplant (Solanum melogena L.) to split application of organic and NPK 20-7-3 fertilisers on Coega soil]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 736-747 (2020). Food Security and Safety Niche Area Research Group North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa *(e-mail : oadada247@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Sustainable cultivation of eggplant, a fruit vegetable of economic, nutritional and dietary importance is premised on soil fertility traits, sources of plant nutrient and its timely release for metabolism. Little is known about response of eggplant to split application of organic manure and inorganic fertilisers on clay loamy soil. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2017-18 summer and 2018-19 autumn seasons at the North-West University Farm, Mafikeng to investigate the growth and shoot N uptake concentration of eggplant for organic and NPK 20:3:7 fertiliser application at different phenological stages. The study was laid out in 2 × 5 split-plot design, fitted into randomised complete block design replicated three times. The main plot effect was five soil amendments and the sub-plot effect was 2 and 3 split applications at pre-transplanting, vegetative and anthesis. Data measured on growth parameters, biomass and N uptake were analysed with ANOVA and means separated with LSD at p0.05. Different amendments exerted significant effect on performance of eggplant but split application of the amendments did not affect the crop significantly (p0.05). Growth, reproductive development and biomass of eggplant improved significantly on plots supplied with poultry manure in summer. However, in autumn, eggplant demonstrated superior performance in field manured with compost in two splits, relative to cattle dung or unfertilised fields at all phenological stages in Coega soil.
15. BHUPARAJ BHATTARAI, GANESH BELBASE, KUSHAL BHATTARAI, RAJESH YADAV, SANTOSH PANDEY, RUKMAGAT PATHAK* AND PUSPA RAJ POUDEL [Effect of different doses of micronutrients with phosphate solubilizing bacteria on growth, yield and quality of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae)]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 748-755 (2020). Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa Campus Siddharthanagar-1, Rupandehi, Nepal *(e-mail : rukmagat.pathak79@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Cole crops are an indicator of many nutrient deficiencies. Combined application of different micronutrients may have a synergistic and antagonistic effect on growth and yield. However, the combined effects of micronutrients with PSB was poorly studied in Nepal. The present study was conducted during 2018 to 2019 at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, Nepal to assess the most economical combination of micronutrients along with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Also, quality parameters such as total soluble solid (TSS), Vitamin C, and pH content in broccoli sprout were quantified. The yield of broccoli was significantly higher (14.39 t/ha) with the application of PSB 10 L/ha + Boron 15 kg/ha + Zinc 1 kg/ha + Molybdenum 1 kg/ha + Manganese 1kg/ha compared to control (11.33 t/ha) and other treatments. Also, the number and weight of primary and secondary branches were significantly higher than the rest of the treatments. The TSS content was significantly higher in broccoli sprout with the application of PSB 10 L/ha + Boron 15 kg/ha + Zinc 1 kg/ha + Molybdenum 1 kg/ha + Manganese 1kg/ha compared to other treatments. However, the application of PSB 10 L/ha + Boron 15 kg/ha resulted in significantly higher Vitamin C content and Boron 15 kg/ha resulted in significantly higher pH among the treatments. Thus, PSB 10 L/ha + Boron 15 kg/ha + Zinc 1 kg/ha + Molybdenum 1 kg/ha + Manganese 1kg/ha was found economically suitable for yield and TSS of broccoli in the plain of Nepal.
16. SE JI JANG AND YONG IN KUK* [Growth promotion of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants using various extracts with different extraction and application methods]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 756-768 (2020). Department of Oriental Medicine Resources Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea *(e-mail : yikuk@sunchon.ac.kr)
ABSTRACT
Liquid fertilizers have been used in Korean agriculture with great success, but exactly which types of manufacturing and application methods produce the highest rates of growth is not fully understood. Therefore, this experiment was conducted during 2018 in Suncheon, South Korea using fermentation, water and boiled water extracts and various application methods to determine which extracts were the best growth promotors of cucumber plants. Compared with the control, cucumber shoot fresh weight increased at the highest rates (25-39%) when plants received treatments of fish fermentation extracts II and III, bone + fish I and V fermentation extracts, tomato fermentation extracts I and IV, onion fermentation extracts I and IV and sesame oil cake fermentation extracts I-VI. However, fermintation extracts made using red pepper leaf did not produce any significant growth promotion. The order of growth promotion effects is as follows: boiled water extract > water extract > fermentation extract. However, the highest rates of cucumber growth promotions were observed in plants treated with fermentation extracts at 3%, boiled water extracts at 1 and 3% and water extracts at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%. Generally, plant height and shoot fresh weight of cucumber plants were not significantly different regardless of whether they received drenching or foliar applications. Rates of cucumber growth promotion were highest in plants treated with boiled water extracts 20 DAS whereas growth rates were similar in plants treated with fermentation and water extracts both 20 and 40 DAS. The photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content of cucumber plants treated with various extracts may be not related to the cucumber growth promotion. Overall, fermentation extracts may be less suitable than extracts made using water and boiled water extraction. This is because water and boiled water extracts have both shorter production times than fermentation extracts as well as more consistant rates of growth promotion. Thus, the water and boiled water extracts tested in this study can be used for growth promotion in organic cucumber cultivation.
17. D. R. SHAFIGULLIN*, M. S. GINS, V. F. PIVOVAROV, M. E. NOWAR, Y. P. TUKUSER AND F. E. MULLO [Study on ontogenetic changes in the content of macro components (proteins, oil and sugar) of vegetable soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seeds]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 769-774 (2020). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center” 143080, Moskovskaya oblast, Odintsovskiy rayon, pos. VNIISSOK, ul. Selektsionnaya, 14., Russia *(e-mail : shafigullin89@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
Based on this, a three-year study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 at Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center”, Moscow, Russia to evaluate the total accumulation of protein, oil and monosaccharides as the main macro components in the stage of technical (R6) and biological (R8) ripeness of vegetable soybean seeds which are directly used for food. The content of protein, fats and monosaccharides in the R6-stage of vegetable forms of soybeans were 29.4%, 10.5% and 15.6%, respectively, while their protein content and oil content were 9.5% and 51.4% in grain varieties, as well as the content of monosaccharides in vegetable forms exceeded the same indicator in grain varieties by 29.1% (in relative values). During the transition of plants from the R6 to R8-stage, an increase in the accumulation of all macro components were observed, however, it was not the same in breeding varieties. In the R8-stage, the accumulation of protein, fat and sugars in vegetable soybeans were 45.9%, 15.6%, 18.6%, respectively; at the same time, the content of protein and monosaccharides in the grain varieties exceeded by 15.7% and 20.4% (in relative values), respectively, and the oil content of seeds was less by 22.0% (in relative values). It could be concluded that vegetable-type of soybean has other patterns of accumulation of the macro components in the seeds, different from the grain-type varieties of soybean in the Central region of the Non-chernozem zone of Russia.
18. FARKHAD B. MUSAEV, NIKOLAY S. PRIYATKIN, MARIA I. IVANOVA, POLINA A. SHCHUKINA, IBRAHIM H. JAFAROV AND MOHAMED NOWAR* [Geometrical parameters and colour index of chive (Allium schoenoprasum) seed]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 775-782 (2020). Federal Scientific Vegetable Center 14, Selektsionnaya Street, Odintsovo District, Moscow Region, 143080, Russia *(e-mail : mnowar2000@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Digital morphometric analysis is the future in developing and integrating new technologies into multifaceted systems of plant biology. This method can be used in crop science, including the external parameters of the seeds. The linear dimensions and shape of the seeds are important indicators of their quality. Therefore, by measuring and analyzing the linear dimensions of the seeds, having determined their shape, a preliminary conclusion can be made about their sowing qualities. Based on this, the morphometric parameters of the seeds of 8 varieties of chives were studied during 2019 at the bio-collection of VNIIO, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Federal Scientific Research Center (Moscow Region) by digital scanning and computer image analysis. Seeds of varieties Medonos and Chemal, Siberian subspecies (subsp. sibiricum (L.) Hartm.) and Vostochny subspecies (subsp. alpinum DC.) of the 2017 crop; varieties Mudrets and Prazsky Krayova, varieties from the South Ural Botanical Garden Institute of the UFIC RAS (UUBSI UFIC RAS) and the Kuzbass Botanical Garden (KuzBS) FSBIU “FITS UUH SB RAS” – 2018 crop. Plants 3-4 years of age. The morphometric and optical parameters of the seeds were measured using the VideoTesT-Morphology software (Argus-BIO) produced by ArgusSoft Ltd, St. Petersburg (Russia). Morphometric analysis of the seeds of various chive varieties showed a significant difference in their linear parameters, shape indices, brightness and color characteristics: projection area (2.39…3,06 mm), perimeter (6.25…7.15 mm), length (2.62…3.04 mm), width (1.27…1.47 mm), average size (1.97…2.24 mm), circle factor (0.73…0.77 unit), roundness (0.43…0.78 unit), elongation (1.99…2.21 unit), average brightness (47.7…61.6 unit), brightness deviation (22.5…40.4 unit), color components of red, green and blue according to the RGB model. The high accuracy of measurements over a wide range of morphometric parameters makes it possible not only to analyze ecologically and metrically different-quality seeds in the future, but also to be successfully used to solve botanical problems in plant taxonomy, including the external features of the seed.
19. SUKYOUNG YUN*, YIKYEOUNG KIM, BYUNGJIN CHOI AND DOHAN PARK [Study on emotional effects of agro-healing program on COVID-19 trauma among vulnerable groups]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 783-790 (2020). Department of Horticulture Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, South Korea *(e-mail : yune1004@cu.ac.kr)
ABSTRACT
As the quarantine life from COVID-19 is prolonged, the number of people suffering from mental and psychological disorders such as fear, anxiety, and depression from viral infection is increasing. Healing agriculture, which mediates agricultural resources, has proven various effects in terms of psychological and emotional aspects. Based on this, the study investigation was conducted during 2020 at Wind Sunshine Farm, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea to study the emotional effects on overcoming psychological trauma by conducting an agro-healing program for the selected elderly and housewives of the COVID-19 vulnerable class. The following agro-healing program was designed by applying flower therapy, aroma therapy, and food therapy using the five senses and was carried out using plants from the farm. The two groups of housewives and elderly ran the same program for each of the four sessions, making wreaths and flower arrangements using farm resources such as Setaria viridis, Salvia officinalis, Capsella burapastoris, and Gomphrena globosa, planting Rosmarinus officinalis planted in herb gardens in the farm, and harvesting and cooking crops such as Ocimum basilicum, Lycopersicone sculentum, and Lactuca sativa. As an evaluation tool, anxiety (STAI-T) and depression scale (K-BDI) were used to examine emotional changes, and the level of stress was measured by measuring U-BIO MACPA and salivary acidity to determine physiological changes according to emotional function. When looking at the changes in the subjects after the agro-healing program, the degree of anxiety significantly decreased for the housewives (p=.037), but no significant changes within the elderly group. On the other hand, it was found that the degree of depression in the elderly, somewhat higher before implementation was significantly reduced (p=.010). As a result of measuring the stress index to examine physiological changes in emotional function, there was a significant decrease in housewives (p=.047), and no change within the elderly group. As a result of measuring saliva acidity at each session, housewives had a significant effect after implementation in sessions 1, 3, and 4 (p1=.011, p2=.083, p3=.016, p4=.010), and the elderly had significant effects in the 3rd and 4th sessions (p1=.140, p2=.564, p3=.005, p4=.007). It is judged that there will be positive effects if a longer-term curative agriculture program is applied to various groups suffering from trauma due to COVID-19.
20. AIGUL MADENOVA*, ALMA KOKHMETOVA, ZAGIPA SAPAKHOVA, KANAT GALYMBEK, ZHENIS KEISHILOV, KADIR AKAN AND AIDARKHAN YESSERKENOV [Effect of common bunt [Tilletia caries (DC) Tul] infection on agronomic traits and resistance of wheat entries]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 791-797 (2020). Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology 050040, Almaty, Timiryazev Street 45, Kazakhstan *(e-mail : madenova.a@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Wheat common bunt is a serious disease that may causes to yield losses of about 75-80% in wheat producing countries including Kazakhstan. This study conducted during 2019 and 2020 at Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, aimed to screen Romanian and Turkish wheat entries for resistance to common bunt Tilletia caries (DC) Tul. As a result of the research, promising wheat entries were identified which are designed to increase resistance to common bunt. The seeds of different wheat genotypes were artificially inoculated with a mixture of the pathogen teliospores and planted in Almalybak village, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. Disease assessment for each genotype carried out at the maturity stage. The results showed that most of the tested wheat entries demonstrated a susceptible, moderate-susceptible or resistant reaction to the disease. While such wheat entries, as five Romanian (RETEZAT, 02429GP-1, F08347G8, F06393GP10, F07270G2), one Turkish (262-TREGO/BTYSIB//ZARGANA-6/4/AU/CO652337//2*CA8-155/3), and one Kazakh wheat variety Almaly showed a high level of disease resistance. It was found that the combination of common bunt a complex of agronomically valuable traits distinguishes in wheat entries KATEA-1/3/059E//JAGGER/PECOS/4/AU/CO652337//2*CA8-155/3/F474S1-1.1,338-K11//ANB/BUC/3/GS50A/4/TREGO/JGR8W/5/WELS2,TAM105/3/NE70654/BBY//BOW”S”/4/CENTURE*3/TA2450/5/TX71A1039.V1*3/AMI/BUC/HR-C/6/ZARGANA3/ 6/BONITO-36,F08245G1, and PARTENER and exceeded standard variety Almaly. The identified resistant genotypes will be valuable in the breeding programs of Kazakhstan for the development of common bunt resistant wheat varieties.
21. S. D. KARAKOTOV*, N. V. ARSHAVA, M. N. BASHKATOVA AND E. V. ZHELTOVA [Morphological and molecular identification of Macrophomina phaseolina in the pool of pathogens of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) root rot : Screening of fungicides for its control]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 798-803 (2020). Shchelkovo Agrokhim JSC Shchelkovo, Moscow Region, 141 101, Russia *(e-mail : info@betaren.ru)
ABSTRACT
Currently, the main biotic factor responsible for the loss of sugar beet yield is root rot. The early detection and accurate identification of the causative agents of this disease introduce oneself to be a prerequisite for optimizing its control. In recent years, the importance of Macrophomina phaseolina, a cosmopolitan fungus that causes coal rot of plants on all continents, has grown in importance. This study was carried out in the biolaboratory of JSC “Shchelkovo Agrokhim” (Shchelkovo, Moscow Region, 141101, Russia) from 2018 to 2020 to evaluate several drugs from plant protection products manufacturers in order to optimize control over Macrophomina phaeseolina. The fungus was isolated from sugar beet root crops in the Belgorod region. The disease manifested itself as black-brown root rot with characteristic cavities in the tissues of the root crop. The samples sent differed from each other in the degree of damage to root crops and leaves. The pathogen was identified both by traditional taxonomy methods and by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the same study, M. phaseolina isolate was insensitive to the active substances propiconazole, diphenoconazole and flutriafol. The active ingredients carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and tebuconazole have been shown to be the most effective in controlling M. phaseolina.
22. KHALID GHAZI FANDI*, FOUAD ALMOMANI, MUHANNAD MASSADEH, YOUSEF M. ABU-ZAITOON AND ABDEL RAHMAN AL TAWAHA [Pectolytic, cellulytic enzyme activity and RAPD polymorphism detection of Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from infected plants in Jordan]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 804-812 (2020). Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University P.O. Box 20, 71111, Ma’an, Jordan *(e-mail : fandikh@ahu.edu.jo; fandikh@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Macrophomina phaseolina is the causative agent of a wide group of plant diseases exhibiting various symptoms via secreting an array of degrading enzymes including pectinases, and cellulases that mainly affect plant cell walls. This research was conducted during 2018 to 2019 to investigate the fungal biochemical and genetic variations of 25 M. Phaseolina isolates obtained from previously conducted study. Cellulase and pectinase activities were estimated on synthetic media by measuring the clear zone around the inoculation center. Cellulase and pectinase activities of the isolates showed highly variations in the clear zone diameter ranged between (0.5-7) mm and (1-14) mm respectively. Changes in the enzymatic activities were found to correspond to various environmental and biological conditions of the infected plants where the phytopathogen was isolated. Data have been unambiguously shown that unlike pectinase, cellulase activity and pathogenecity of M. Phaseolina as a result increases with gradual increase of humidity and relative temperature between 25-35 ºC in Jordan. In all tested samples, isolates no. 3, 12, 7, and 17 were recorded to have the highest level of cellulase and pectinase activity. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of M. phaseolina isolates DNA using OPA09, OPA14 as well as OPA18 operon primers was investigated. Even though bands of certain size were found to be conserved among the 25 isolates, polymorphic bands distinguish every isolate were noticed. Computed dendrogram based on the randomly amplified bands classified the 25 isolates into three major clades. The third major clade, in particular isolate no. 17, was hypothesized to constitute the ancestor of M. Phaseolina as it contained only basic bands found on other isolates. Additionally, this isolate was found to be highly distant from other isolates and has the highest pectinase and cellulase activity. In this work RAPD technique was considered as a powerful technique as it was able to discriminate even between very similar fungal isolates.
23. NILOUFAR MAHMOUDI*, MIKHAIL PRIDANNIKOV, YOUSEF NASERZADEH, ELENA PAKINA, ALBERT ENGERIBO, LIUDMILA LIMANTCEVA AND ANTON IVANOV [Developing PCR primers for identification of potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) in the Russian Federation and Iran]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 813-816 (2020). Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia *(e-mail : niloofarmahmoodi@ymail.com)
ABSTRACT
The potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) species is an influential pathogenic potato nematode. Many countries impose quarantine restrictions on the presence of D. destructor in imported plant and soil materials. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted from 2018 to 2020 at the All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center of Russia Federation with samples collected from the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Russia and Iran. In the current study, we developed PCR with species-specific primers for the rapid and reliable separation of D. destructor using gel electrophoresis and melting curve analysis. A species-specific primer set was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the gene. The PCR protocol was verified using samples of D. destructor and the closely related species, D. dipsaci and D. gigas. The species-specific primer set was able to detect D. destructor from samples containing mixtures of Ditylenchus species. The PCR species-specific protocol should allow for more rapid identification of Ditylenchus species recovered from plant materials than previously possible.
24. S. ROSNIAWATY*, I. R. D. ANJARSARI, R. SUDIRJA, S. P. HARJANTI AND S. MUBAROK** [Application of coconut water and benzyl amino purine on the plant growth at second centering of tea (Camellia sinensis) in lowlands area of Indonesia]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 817-822 (2020). 1Department of Agronomy, Agriculture Faculty Padjadjaran University, 45363, Bandung, Indonesia *(e-mail : santi.rosniawaty@unpad.ac.id; **syariful.mubarok@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
In most tropical countries, tea plants are grown in highlands, however, also can grow in lowlands with higher temperature than highlands. High temperatures can accelerate metabolism, thus cytokinin input is needed to maintain the high metabolic rate. Shoots of tea plant grow after picking tea based on centering technique. Tea plant after first centering requires proper management practices to improve the yield. Based on this, the present study was conducted from July to September 2017 at Field Station of Ciparanje, University of Padjadjaran West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 725 m above sea level to stimulate the growth of tea branches after second centering with application of cytokines to obtain a good picking field. The source of cytokinin was coconut water and benzyl amino purine (BAP). The experimental method was Randomized Block Design with four replications. The treatment consisted of different concentrations of coconut water (25, 50 and 75%) and BAP (60, 90, 120 ppm). The results showed that application of 50% coconut water and BAP 120 ppm increased the number of branches up to 17.16 and 17.67, respectively and 50% coconut water increased the leaf area (2,072 cm2) after the second centering in lowlands.
25. MAMABOLO L. K., K. G. SHADUNG* AND M. Y. MAILA [Effect of different plant parts on phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of indigenous tea (Jatropha zeyheri) of South Africa]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 823-829 (2020). Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : kagiso.given349@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Globally, indigenous teas have been receiving much attention due to their health benefits. In most teas, for a particular plant part to be considered as harvestable, it must have a high accumulative ability for the focus chemical compound. However, appropriate plant parts with suitable chemical properties for tea brewing in Jatropha zeyheri has not been determined. Therefore, a study was conducted during mid-June and early July 2018 to investigate the effect of different plant parts (stems, roots and leaves) on phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of J. zeyheri. The plant materials were collected from Khureng Village, Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Three treatments, namely, stems, leaves and roots were arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), replicated 10 times. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity were quantified using UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Plant parts had highly significant effect on total flavonoid content contributing 72% in Total Treatment Variation (TTV), however, had significant effect on total tannin content and antioxidant activity contributing 56 and 79% in TTV, respectively. In contrast, plant parts were not significant on total phenol content. The leaf had the lowest of total flavonoid content, whereas root and stem reported the higher contents. The root had lower content of total tannin and antioxidant activity, whereas stem and leaf reported higher contents. The result of this study suggested that J. zeyheri tea beverage can be brewed from leaves predominantly followed by stems or alternatively they can be combined.
26. OLUWAFEMI OLUWATOSIN LAWAL*, LOO, OLOLADE LATIFAT ABDULRAHMAN, AOL, IBRAHIM FOLORUNSHO AYANDA, AIF, HAKEEM ISHOLA, IH, LATIFAT KEHINDE OLATINWO OLK AND USMAN YAMAN IBRAHIM IUY [Comparative evaluation of forage grasses for stability analysis using GGE biplot and AMMI and forage yield modelling]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 830-838 (2020). Department of Crop Production PMB 1530, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria *(e-mail : oluwatosin.lawal@kwasu.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
The need for cultivation of forage grasses to feed animals, as a way of ameliorating the clashes between herders and crop farmers cannot be over emphasized. Therefore, this study was conducted during 2019 at three diverse agro-ecological zones in Kwara State, Nigeria to assess the yield potential, stability, and the possibilities of improving forage yield through secondary traits. Hence, three forage grasses (Elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum; Gamba grass, Andropogon gayanus; and Ruzi grass, Brachiaria ruziziensis) were laid out in randomised complete block design (RCBD) wherein data was collected on vegetative, stress index traits and yield and were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Traits with significant G × E were subjected to stability analysis using genotype × genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). Structural equation model was used to depict the association between yield and secondary traits. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) difference among forage grasses for yield and other traits, hence, they are amendable to selection and improvement through breeding efforts. AMMI and GGE biplot effectively identified the best and most stable forage grass as Pennisetum purpureum (28.59 t/ha) for general adaptations, and Ruzi and Gamba for target environments. Plant height, number of tillers, leaf area, dry matter content and stay green are valuable secondary traits that are employable in improving forage yield. Pennisetum can meet the feed demand of herder’s animals, which, if adopted for cultivation and use, can reduce the incessant crises between farmers and herders in Nigeria.
27. NGUYEN PHUOC MINH* [Study on antioxidative property of Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) extract and butylated hydroxy anisole on the shelf-life of rice bran oil]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 839-845 (2020). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Rice bran oil is gaining popularity due to better cooking quality, prolonged shelf life and well-balanced fatty acid composition. However, the nutritional quality of rice bran also deteriorated rapidly due to rancidity. There are potential health hazards including possible carcinogenicity from synthetic antioxidants in foods. Vietnamese coriander has different phytochemical constituents with numerous pharmacological benefits for human health. The present study was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam. In this research, coriander leaves were washed by potable water, vacuum dried and ground into powder. Fifty grams of coriander powder was extracted with 500 mL of ethanol 70% v/v for 30 minutes. The filtrate was obtained by centrifugation @ 5000 rpm for 3 minutes. The extract was achieved by condensation of filtrate in a vacuum rotary evaporator. The coriander extract (CE) was dosed into rice bran oil in different levels (250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 ppm). The control comparison was prepared by dosing with butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) in respected levels (250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm). The rice bran oil was preserved for 6 months in transparent plastic bottle at ambient temperature. In one month-interval, oil samples were taken to analyze refractive index (RI), free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV). Results revealed that there was no significant difference of RI in oil samples dosed by CE and BHA. However, there was remarkable difference of FFA, AV and PV in oil samples dosed by CE and BHA. This finding proved that coriander extract was highly effective in prevention of hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity in rice bran oil.
28. NGUYEN PHUOC MINH* [Technical parameters affecting oil absorption, quality and acceptability of fry-coated peanut (Arachis hypogaea)]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 846-851 (2020). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Fry-coated peanut a healthier low-fat food is very delicious due to its pleasant aroma, unique nutty flavour and smooth crisp texture. However, this product is susceptible to develop rancid and off-flavours through lipid oxidation during storage. This present study was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam to evaluate the influence of guar gum: carrageenan coating, frying temperature and time to oil uptake, fracturability and acceptability of fry-coated peanut. This product was observed for acid value and peroxide value during 6 months of storage at ambient condition. Results showed that coated peanut using guar gum: carrageenan at 0.6% : 0.4% and fried at 160oC in 45 seconds could reduce oil absorption, increase fracturability and high overall acceptance. Moreover, the fry-coated samples had low oxidative rancidity and stable shelf life for 6 months of preservation.
29. MOHITA BADONIA, SHIRISH PATIDAR AND CHANDRA KANT SHARMA* [Molecular markers : An uprising tool for crop improvement]. Res. on Crops 21 (4) : 852-861 (2020). Institute of Agriculture Sciences SAGE University, Indore-452020, Madhya Pradesh, India *(e-mail : ck21sharma@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Molecular marker is a DNA sequence in the genome of any organism which can be located and identified. Plant breeders always prefer to remark the gene as the molecular marker, although this is not always possible. A molecular marker is nothing but a small region of DNA that shows sequence polymorphism in different individuals within a species or different species. The utility of molecular marker is based on naturally occurring DNA polymorphism and its growth in utility has greatly modified genetics and plant breeding. The DNA markers are most widely used in plant breeding programmes such as in the assessment of genetic variations within cultivars, gene mapping, transferring desirable genes for biotic and abiotic resistance. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) proves to be the most fascinating approach of molecular markers. An ideal DNA marker should be polymorphic in nature and it can be expressed in all tissues, organs, at various developmental stages. When comparing between conventional breeding approaches and molecular markers, the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding programs can be increased by molecular markers. Due to the presence of different types of molecular markers, and the variation in their principles, methodologies and mode of application, they require careful consideration in selecting one or more of such methods. With advancement in the availability of types of molecular markers, they can be used for the assessment of genetic diversity in cultivars, germplasm collection and advanced breeding material, identification of homokaryonand hybrid selection. This review article attempts to consider the current resources and novel examples where the MMs have been developed and used for the improvement of cereal crops for agronomic, food quality, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance traits and cytogenetic studies.
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