Volume 32, Number 1 (July, 2006)
ABSTRACT Phosphocompost was prepared from paddy straw-water hyacinth (1 : 1) mixture after being decomposed for 105 days with the incorporation of Mussoorie rock phosphate (19.76% P2O5) at 5.0 and 7.5% P2O5 equivalent basis and pyrite at 0.5 parts of rock phosphate, while treated with rock phosphate alongwith pyrite, decomposition of the compost mixture having no such treatments. In consideration with overall mineralogical composition, the phosphocompost treated with rock phosphate at the level of 5.0% P2O5 equivalent, depicted its superiority over other treatments. In the field study, there was a noticeable increase in nodules, dry matter yield and P uptake by paddy and rice bean when the soil having the treatment of phosphocomposts. Though the results of yield attributes and P uptake were found highest for inorganic fertilizers but no significant differences between the treatments of inorganic fertilizers and phosphocomposts were observed ABSTRACT On a silt loam soil with pH 7.82 of Agronomy Research Farm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, a field experiment was conducted (during kharif2003-04) in split plot design with four irrigation schedules viz., continuous submergence, 7 cm irrigation 1, 4 and 7 day/days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW) and four rice hybrids viz., NDRH-2, Pro-agro 6201, Pro-agro 6207 and Pro-agro 6111 having four replications. It was observed that plant height, number of shoots per m2 and dry matter accumulation were maximum under 7 cm irrigation 1 DADPW; however, leaf area index was maximum under continuous submergence. Crop took significantly more days to 50% heading under 7 cm irrigation 7 DADPW, but physiological maturity delayed under more irrigation (continuous submergence). Yield attributes (number of panicles, length of panicle, number of grains/panicle), yield, harvest index and benefit : ratio were highest under 7 cm irrigation 1 DADPW followed by continuous submergence. Regarding hybrids, Pro-agro 6201 performed best followed by NDRH-2. Growth parameters showed significant positive correlation with physiological maturity, yield attributes (except 1000-seed weight), yield, harvest index and benefit : cost ratio. A strong positive correlation was observed between yield attributes and yield of rice hybrids under various irrigation schedules. Field experiments were conducted during 1999-2000 and 2000-01 to assess the effect of INM of wheat under reduced tillage in rice-wheat cropping system. The experiments were carried out in split-plot design with treatments of tillage and green manuring assigned to main plots and seven INM treatments assigned to sub-plots. Experiment was initiated with green manuring of Dhaincha (Sesbania canabena) in designated plots, followed by rice raised with recommended doses of N, P and K (120 : 60 : 60) and ultimately by test crop of wheat during both the years. Maximum plant height, number of panicles m-2, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length and test weight of wheat were recorded under conventional tillage with green manuring (M4). Higher grain and straw yield of wheat was recorded with green manuring under both tillage systems. Among the sub-plot treatments, maximum value of yield attributing characters as well as grain yield was recorded with 100% N applied through chemical fertilizer (urea)+4 t ha-1 of sludge+ Azotobacter (S7) and minimum with 50% N through chemical fertilizer (urea)+ 50% N through rice residue and sludge+Azotobacter (S4) in both the years. The treatment in which only 25% urea was substituted by sludge (S5) also performed well and gave almost similar straw and grain yield of wheat as S7. Tillage practices with and without green manuring did not influence the harvest index. Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2000-01 and 2001-02 to study the effect of tillage systems viz., conventional (two ploughings followed by planking) and zero-tillage on composition and growth of weeds in wheat. Averaged over two years, the percentage composition of major weed species at 50th day stage of crop growth in conventional and zero-tillage was Rumex spp. (65.9 and 59.8), Phalaris minor (8.3 and 7.9), Parthenium hysterophorus (5.7 and 9.2), Melilotus alba (5.6 and 5.8), Anagallis arvensis (5.0 and 4.9) and Cynodon dactylon (4.2 and 6.1), respectively. Average dry matter production in percentage of these weed species in conventional and zero-tillage system was Rumex spp. (29.5 and 27.2), Phalaris minor (12.0 and 10.5), Parthenium hysterophorus (19.5 and 20.5), Melilotus alba (8.0 and 6.5), Anagallis arvensis (6.9 and 5.8) and Cynodon dactylon (12.8 and 16.5), respectively. The population and growth of P. hysterophorus and C. dactylon were higher in zero-tillage, whereas remaining weed flora in conventional tillage system. On the whole, zero-tillage was more effective in arresting the weed growth and enhancing grain yield as compared to conventional tillage system. A field experiment on different methods of weed control was conducted in pearl millet during kharif 1999 and 2000 at G. B. Plant University of Agriculture & Technology Research Station, Ujhani, Badaun (U. P.) under rairfed condition. The study revealed that application of atrazine @ 0.75 kg a. i./ha as pre-emergence gave maximum grain yield (11.75 q/ha) followed by weed-free (11.30 q/ha) and two hand weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS). While the highest weed control efficiency was recorded in weed-free treatment (83.21%) followed by two hand weedings (77.83%) and atrazine @ 0.75 kg a. i./ha as pre-emergence (75.26%). ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during February to May 2002 to study the effect of foliar nutrition on crop nutrient uptake and yield of greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of 10 foliar spray treatments. Crop nutrient uptake yield and its attributes of greengram augmented significantly due to foliar nutrition. Among the treatments, foliar application of DAP 2% with NAA 30 ppm and Penshibao 0.01% at 30 and 45 DAS was significantly superior to other treatments in increasing the values of NPK uptake, yield attributes and yield of greengram. The highest grain yield of 1529.15 kg ha-1 was recorded with the application of DAT 2% with NAA 30 ppm and Penshibao 0.01%. A field investigation was carried out at Annamalai University experimental farm during 1999 to evaluate the effect of hand weedings and herbicides on the weed flora, growth and yield of urdbean (Vigna mungo). The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design replicated four times with seven treatments viz., weedy check, one hand weeding on 20 DAS, two hand weedings on 20 and 40 DAS, fluchloralin and pendimethalin each @ 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha. All the weed control treatments significantly increased the growth and yield components and final yield of urdbean, attributable to reduced weed competition for nutrients, moisture, light and space. In respect of weed biomass and weed count, weedy check treatment recorded the highest value and twice hand weedings on 20 and 40 DAS gave the least value, followed by pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha. ABSTRACT A field experiment conducted at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2001-02 and 2002-03 revealed that spike length, spikes per plant, capsules per spike, spike weight, 100-seed weight, seed and stalk yield increased significantly with each increase in nitrogen level upto 80 kg ha-1. The differences between 80 and 120 kg N ha-1 were not significant. Spike length, spikes per plant, capsules per spike, spike weight, 100-seed weight, seed and stalk yield were higher with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 followed by 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and control during both the years. A field experiment was conducted in rabi 2001-02 and 2002-03 to study the performance of three castor varieties (GCH 4, Kranti and DCS 9) at three plant densities (13,889; 18,518 and 27,778 plants ha-1). Among the varieties, GCH 4 showed its superior performance in growth characters and yield compared to Kranti and DCS 9. Among the plant densities, a population of 18,518 plants ha-1 (90 x 60 cm) showed superior performance compared to 13,889 (120 x 60 cm) and 27,778 plants ha-1 (60 x 60 cm) Crop water stress index (CWSI) is one of the restricting factors of any crop yield which largely influences the irrigation management and planning accordingly. Since now different methods have been presented to obtain this index, two important of which are Idso and Jackson methods. The present study was carried out in Safi-Abad Agricultural Research Center, Dezful, 2005 on sugarbeet with the aim of comparing the indexes obtained by Idso and Jackson methods. In this view, four treatments, namely, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were conducted using soil moisture deficit values where the cumulative evaporation of 50 mm from the pan evaporation was specified for the irrigation exercise. CWSIs were calculated using two different methods described by Idso and Jackson in the literature. The results showed that the difference between the indexes obtained via both the methods was almost negligible. ABSTRACT Laboratory studies were conducted to see the effect of temperature and chemical preservatives (sodium metabisulphite and potassium metabisulphite) on stabilization of bran of three important rice varieties viz., Pant-12, Malviya-36 and Swarna. The bran content in three varieties ranged between 6.26 and 6.75%. The bran contained 12.67 to 15.01% oil. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in oil of these varieties was very high indicating thereby that the oil was of good quality. The temperature range of 5-10°C proved to be ideal for safe preservation of rice bran. Chemical preservatives, namely, sodium metabisulphite @ 2% and potassium metabisulphite @ 1% are very efficient for stabilization of rice bran. Pot experiment conducted during the rabi season (1999-2000) with wheat as a test crop on sodic soil of Vallabhnagar (Udaipur, Raj.) revealed significant decrease in the available phosphorus with 40 SARiw, zinc and iron application, while there was no significant increase in available nitrogen and potassium. Available zinc, iron and CaCO3 decreased significantly with rise in the levels of SAR of irrigation water. Available zinc increased with Zn application but not by iron. Likewise, iron content increased significantly iron application but decreased by application of zinc. Levels of zinc and iron had little effect on CaCO3. The soils in some parts of the Malwa region (Punjab) presented diverse problems such as salinity, sodicity, poor drainage and shallow and brackish ground water conditions. The salt-affected soils of the area belonged to three categories, namely, severely to moderately saline-sodic, slightly saline-sodic and severely to moderately saline. The soils were under continuous management for amelioration by applying gypsum and flooding the field with good quality water for leaching of salts. They showed marked change in their physico-chemical characteristics on reclamation. The saline-sodic soils showed slight increase in value or chroma, whereas saline soils showed decrease in these. The soils though did not undergo much textural change on reclamation but showed slight clay movement down the profile. Due to improved physical and drainage conditions on reclamation, CaCO3 was solubilized from surface horizons. In saline sodic soils, pH values decreased in pH throughout the depth. The change in pH was associated with removal of exchangeable sodium and salts from exchange complex and soil solution. ABSTRACT To A study was undertaken to characterize underground irrigation water of south-western zone of Punjab. Irrigation water samples were collected from 84 different tubewells in this region and analysed for different parameters. The investigated water, on an average, had 7.19, 7.16, 6.99 and 1.48 meg l-1 of Ca+mg, Cl, HCO3 and CO3, respectively. On the basis of EC, 64.3% were rated as fit, 28.6 marginal and 7.1% unfit for irrigation. On the basis of RSC, 5.12% samples fell in the category of fit and rest 28.6 and 20.2% were marginal and unfit, respectively, for irrigation. The electrical conductivity (EC) was negatively correlated (r= -0.45) with residual sodium carbonate (RSC). The EC showed a positive correlation with Ca+Mg (r=0.68) and Cl (r=0.84) contents. The RSC content varied from -29.8, -15.0 meq l-1 with a mean value of 1.37 meq l-1. The RSC had a significant negative correlation with Ca+Mg (r= -0.89) and Cl (r= -0.45) and positive correlation with HCO3 content of water samples. Average contents of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn of water samples were 576.71, 71.40, 7.31 and 41.51 ppm x 10-3, respectively ABSTRACT Tequila occupies an important place as a source of economy in tequila industry for an attractive and covetable beverage in Mexico and throughout the world. Although tequila has a great demand, the sustainability of tequila production faces a serious crisis. This paper makes a critical analysis of problems of sustainability of tequila which are associated with the rentability of lands, deterioration of soil fertility, several biotic and abiotic factors, and low prices. Low price has direct effect on tequila plantations. ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out to study the effect of different levels of N, P and K fertilization on nutrient composition of leaf and petiole and yield of papaya cv. Ranchi at the Horticultural Orchard of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal. The application of N, P and K increased the concentration of respective element in papaya leaves and petioles. Among the different levels of N, P and K, 400 g N, 350 g P2O5 and 600 g K2O/plant/year was found best which recorded the maximum fruit yield in respect of number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and yield per hectare. Effect of N was more pronounced than P and K application. Field study conducted on flower production in chrysanthemum revealed that quality and yield of flowers were significantly affected over control by foliar sprays of different concentrations of GA3, CCC and MH. Diameter and fresh weight of flowers increased significantly over control with all levels of GA3 and flowers with the largest diameter (6.55 cm) and highest weight (2.32 g) were recorded with GA3 at 150 ppm. CCC and MH had non-significant effect on flower diameter, although, fresh weight of flowers increased significantly over control and maximum fresh weight of flowers (2.30 and 2.28 g) was recorded with CCC at 2000 ppm and MH at 250 ppm, respectively. All the treatments except GA3 at 250 ppm recorded significantly higher number of flowers per plant over control and maximum number of flowers (371) was recorded by spraying MH at 1250 ppm. Flower yield per plant and per plot also recorded a significant increase in all treatments over control with maximum yield per plant (815 g) and per plot (15.95 kg) at 150 ppm GA3. ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out to assess the breeding value and genetic architecture for certain quantitative characters in bhendi [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. Four varieties, namely, Mohanur Local, Parbhani Kranti, MDU 1 and Punjab Padmini were used to study the genetics of economic characters. In segregating populations, the cross ML x PK exhibited high variability for seed yield per plant. Low heritability with low genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for many of the crosses. This would mean that the heterosis observed in bhendi is due to genetic interaction and over dominance. Hence, development of hybrid variety is the best way to exploit the gain observed in the F1 generation. ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted involving 54 standard rice genotypes well adapted to different climatic conditions and were used to study certain genetic parameters for yield and yield attributing traits. Observations were recorded for plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, panicle length, tillers/hill, spikelets/panicle, 50% flowering, maturity duration and grain yield/plant. All the characters had exhibited significant variation except flag width. Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were higher than the genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied indicating that they all interacted with the environment with the high values for phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic gain with the same degree. Out of them, five characters including plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, grain yield/plant and spikelets/panicle manifested in general, respectively, suggesting involvement of additive genes and scope of high selection response. Therefore, the above five characters should be included in any selection programme for augmentation of grain yield The material from a L x T cross involving potential inbreds of maize was raised under mild water stress conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for gca and sca effects for 14 characters studied. Among parents B-HOL-212, DMR-274 and TQPM-42 for ASI and days to physiological maturity and DMR-156 and BQL-258 for leaf senescence and leaf rolling were found to have negative gca effects. On the other hand, for plant height, number of ears per plant, chlorophyll content at 50% silking, ear length, ear girth and 100-seed weight, DMR-156, DMR-274 and EI-34 had positive gca effects. The crosses DMR-201 x EI-34 and BQL-258 x TQPM-42 were found to have negative sca effects for ASI, leaf senescence and leaf rolling. These crosses also exhibited positive sca for plant height, number of ears per plant, chlorophyll content at 50% silking, ear length, ear girth, 100-seed weight and grain yield per plant. A line x tester analysis was done in university inbreds of maize (UMI) using five lines and 10 testers which was maintained by sib mating for five generations. Yield and yield components alongwith quality traits like crude protein, total starch and b-carotene content were studied. The results indicated that mean sum of squares due to general and specific combining ability was significant. Preponderance of additive gene action was noticed for total starch content and grain yield. Crude protein and b-carotene content was under the influence of non-additive gene action. Maximum desirable heterosis over mid parent was observed for b-carotene content (167.69%) and grain yield (131.35%) followed by crude protein content (32.83%) and total starch content (25.14%). Similar trend for heterosis over better parent was observed for b-carotene content (142.63%) and grain yield (83.55%) followed by crude protein content (-2.69%) and total starch content (14.49%). Hybrid UMI 434 x UMI 51 had considerably higher desirable heterosis over mid parent and better parent for b-carotene, total starch and grain yield. Hybrid UMI 473 x UMI 101 possessed considerably higher, significant relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis for crude protein and b-carotene content alongwith grain yield. Exploitation of heterosis is the best method to increase the qualitative parameters like total carotene and total starch alongwith increase in the grain yield in maize. ABSTRACT IEight lines and five testers were crossed in a line x tester fashion to work out heterosis over mid-parent and better parent values for nine yield components in groundnut. Majority of the crosses showed heterosis over mid parental value indicating the operation of both additive and non-additive gene action. Fifteen hybrids exhibited significant negative relative heterosis for earliness. Four hybrids viz., JSSP 18 x Dh 56, JSSP 18 x Dh 53, JSSP 18 x JSSP 9 and K 134 x Dh 53 exhibited positively significant heterosis over mid parent and better parent for pod yield, kernel yield, 100-seed weight and oil yield per plant signifying the presence of over dominance for these characters ABSTRACT The combining ability analysis involving eight lines and five testers was carried out for nine characters in groundnut. The variances due to sca and gca showed that non-additive gene action was predominant though the additive component was also significant. Among the parents, K 134 and JSSP 18 were good general combiners for number of pods/plant, pod yield/plant, kernel yield/plant and oil yield/plant. The crosses ICGV 92242 x Dh 56 and JSSP 18 x JSSP 9 exhibited significant sca effects for number of pods/plant, pod yield/plant, kernel yield/plant and oil yield/plant. The investigation involved treatment of pre-soaked seeds ( 11 h) of a mungbean cultivar, PUSA 9072, with five doses of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% for 4 h under dark. Observations on field grown mutagenized population with regard to 14 agronomic characters evidenced for induction of the variability in the M1 generation itself. The CV values of the traits for mutagenised population were stupendously higher for most of the test characters to the tune of 57% cases as compared to the untreated (control) plants. Gene effects analysis was carried out in six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of three inter-varietal crosses of pigeonpea viz., PBNA 67-2 x ICPL-87119, ICPL-87119 x Pant 142 and ICPL-87119 x JJAL-16 for grain yield and its attributes. Results on gene effects revealed that both additive (d and i) and non-additive (h, j and l) gene action were significantly operative for grain yield, days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, plant height, stem girth, pods per plant and pod clusters per plant in one or more crosses. Both additive (d) and dominant (h) gene action were significantly operative for grain yield, pod clusters per plant, pods per plant, stem girth and days to 50% flowering in ICPL-87119 x JJAL-16. They were also significantly operative for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity and plant height in crosses PBNA 67-2 x ICPL-87119. Additive gene action was only operative for number of primary branches per plant in all the three crosses and for plant height in ICPL 87119 x JJAL 16. Fixable epistasis, additive x additive effects (i) was significantly operative for grain yield, days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, stem girth, pods per plant and pod clusters per plant in all the three crosses. Non-fixable epistasis, dominant x dominant (l) gene action was significant for grain yield and all attributing traits in all the three crosses with some exceptions. Additive x dominant gene action (j) was significantly operative for grain yield, pods per plant, pod clusters per plant and stem girth in either one or more crosses and for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity and plant height in all the crosses. Duplicate type of epistasis was involved in the expression of all the characters in all the three crosses except for plant height in cross PBNA 67-2 x ICPL-87119. Bi-parental inter-mating of selected plants in early segregating generation, would effectively exploit both additive and fixable epistasis effects for grain yield and component traits. SS. MONDAL AND P. DUTTA [Pattern of diurnal variation in starch levels in source leaves of cowpea]. Crop Res. 32(1) : 109-112 (2006). Department of Plant Physiology Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252 (W. B.), India. ABSTRACT Three cowpea lines, namely, CHCP-1, Ajeet-11 and BCKV-2 were grown during pre-kharif season, 2002 under the agro-climatic conditions of lower gangetic alluvial zone. The leaf starch contents of these lines were revealed to follow a cycle of diurnal variation. The pattern of the diurnal variation was found to differ with their growth stages. At pre-flowering stage, the leaf starch content of Ajeet-11 was highest around noon but slided down at dusk to marginally above its dawn level and BCKV-2 showed similar trend as recorded in Ajeet-11 but the range of variation was observed to be comparatively narow, whereas in CHCP-1, leaf starch levels continued to increase from its lowest point at dawn to the highest point at dusk. At post-flowering stage, all lines showed similar trend that is starch levels highest around noon and slided down to dusk to the level marginally above its dawn level. The spectrum of diurnal variation was found to be broader in post-flowering stage for each of the lines. Specific leaf weight was also found to follow diurnal fluctuation. Leaf chlorophyll contents of these lines appeared to have little effect on the accumulation of starch in leaves. Seven edible oils viz., mustard, linseed, sunflower, sesame, coconut, groundnut and rice bran were evaluated as grain protectants against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae Linn.) in rice variety, Rasi (IET-1444) seeds @ 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg of seeds during the period of three months from June to August in the years 2000 and 2001. Treatments with the groundnut oil proved the most effective at both the concentrations and significantly superior in comparison to others. ABSTRACT In an experiment to determine the painted bug population on mustard conducted during rabi 2003-04, the bug incidence was noticed after 60 days of sowing with the mean to vary from 2.48 bugs/5 plants in early sown and 1.05 bugs/5 plants in late sown crop which varied significantly indicating higher bug population in early sown than the late sown crop. The highest population of 3.8 bugs/5 plants was recorded on 95 days after sowing (DAS) and 1.43 bugs/5 plants on 67 DAS in late crop. ABSTRACT Post-harvest surveys for 2003-04 crop season revealed that black point incidence was observed in the wheat grain samples of all the districts of the state. However, severity in terms of per cent infected samples, maximum infection and average infection was more in south-western zone than north-eastern zone. Three fungi i. e. Helminthosporium sativum, Alternaria tenuis and A. alternata were found associated with infected grains. In south-western zone, the frequency of A. tenuis was maximum followed by A. alternata and H. sativum, whereas in north-eastern zone H. sativum was predominant followed by A. alternata and A. tenuis. In shrivelled grains, the frequency of H. sativum was 75.55%, whereas in tip infection and grain discolouration A. alternata was associated in 90.00% and A. tenuis in 10.00%. There was significant reduction in germination, root and shoot length in shrivelled grains, whereas negligible effect in tip infection and grain discolouration. ABSTRACT Basal stem rot (BSR) disease of coconut is caused by Ganoderma lucidum and it is a major limiting factor for coconut production in India. The pathogen is a soil-borne fungus causing significant damage to the crop. In view of this, greater thrust has been given for integrated disease management that would ensure minimum pesticide load. For the management of this disease, the different components viz., frequent irrigation through basin method of irrigation, soil application of neem cake and bio-control agents (Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and root feeding of fungicide were integrated. From the result it was observed that the combination of basin method of irrigation, soil application of neem cake @ 5 kg/palm, soil application of talc formulations of T. viride and P. fluorescens @ 200 g each/palm and root feeding with Tridemorph 2% @ 100 ml/palm at quarterly intervals gave effective control of vertical spread of pathogen with a reduction of 121.6% over control. Nearly 42% of the treated palms were totally recovered from the BSR disease. ABSTRACT In some parts of India and particularly in Jammu and Kashmir state, the paddy is threshed in a traditional way of beating bundles of paddy against drum or wooden logs, which is very tedious, laborious and time consuming. Thus, the study which aimed at documenting and studying the various methods of threshing, namely, power operated paddy thresher (T1), handle operated paddy thresher (T2), pedal operated paddy thresher (T3) and traditional beating method (T4) revealed that the mean threshing capacity of power operated paddy thresher (T1) (375.25 kg/h) was highest and significantly different from all other methods when assessed at 5% level of significance. Lowest mean threshing capacity (193 kg/h) was observed in traditional method of threshing (T4). With the increase in moisture content of grains, the threshing capacity was found to decrease. Further the combination of power operated paddy thresher at M1 moisture level (11.6%) showed significantly high threshing capacity (400.5 kg/h). The unthreshed grain percentage which is desirable to be low was recorded to be minimum in traditional method (T4) and hence greater grain recovery. The variation in threshing efficiency on changing grain moisture was found to be least. Although, highest threshing efficiency of 99.95% was recorded in traditional method (T4) and lowest (93.08%) when threshing was done by handle operated paddy thresher (T2). Further the data clearly indicate that all the threshing methods with the exception of power operated paddy thresher were at par with respect to cleaning efficiency.
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