Volume 24, No. 3 (September, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Rice is an important crop for producing the staple food of the world’s population, especially in Indonesia. However, national rice production has not been able to meet food needs so rice imports are still needed. Mostly, farmers in Indonesia still use the traditional planting system, namely the Tegel planting system (TPS). New innovations are needed to increase rice production. One of the innovations is to modify the TPS which can provide higher rice yield. This new technology is called the “Jajar Legowo” planting system which is abbreviated “Jarwo” planting system (JPS). This technology can increase a higher rice production than the conventional system. The JPS has been developed in Indonesia, but until now many farmers do not know the advantages of this technology. Therefore, this review article aimed to know the advantages of the JPS in rice cultivation compared to the TPS. Based on the literature available, there are several factors that support the success of the JPS in increasing rice yield, namely rice variety, rice fields, and plant spacing. The JPS of 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 with a plant spacing of 25 × 12.5 × 50 cm could increase crop populations per hectare by 32%, 15%, and 11.87%, respectively than TPS with a plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm. The advantage of the JPS is that it could inhibit weed growth in the soil surface around rice clumps. Besides, increase in crop populations per hectare attainable compared to the TPS. In the literature reviewed, JPS of the 2:1 type can give rice yield per hectare higher than the types of 3:1, 4:1, or others. Recommended plant spacing for use in JPS is 25 × 12.5 × 50 cm. Further, the review article has made a suggestion that the JPS of the 2:1 type can be applied in rice cultivation, especially in irrigated fields.
2. Naveen Prasath, P.*, P. Stalin, A. Balasubramanian, G. B. Sudhagar Rao and S. Sathiyamurthi [Studies on integrated plant nutrient supply system for maximizing the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 442-446 (2023). Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar-608 002 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: pnaveen2000@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The research was conducted to determine how rice growth and productivity would be impacted using graded amounts of inorganic fertilizer in conjunction with organic manures and bio fertilizer in rice variety TRY 3 at Annamalai University’s Experimental Farm, Tamil Nadu, India. This investigation on crop response-based fertilizer prescriptions together within Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System (IPNSS) was conducted during 2021 and 2022. Different quantities of nitrogen, green manure, pressmudbiocompost, goat manure, seaweed extract, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were employed in the eight treatments. The treatments were replicated thrice, and the field trial was laid out using randomised block design (RBD). According to the research outcome, among the different treatments, 100% RDN + 25% N as Pressmudbiocompost + PSB resulted in higher morphological characters, including plant height (124.11cm), leaf area index (4.84), dry mater production (13012 kg/ha), number of tillers/hill (33.30), chlorophyll content (30.66), root length (28.39 cm) and volume (23.64 cc/hill) and yield characteristics, including productive tillers/hill (31.30), grains/panicle (153.70), and filled grain/panicle (147.40),grain yield (6693 kg/ha) and straw yield (7865 kg/ha)of rice. Multiple parameters in the control treatment scenario indicated lower production and inadequate growth and development. The study revealed that application of100% RDN + 25% N as Pressmudbiocompost + PSB could be considered a better option for achieving the growth and yield attributes of TRY 3 under transplanted condition.
3. R. REX IMMANUEL*, T. S. SASIKUMAR, G. B. SUDHAGAR RAO, K. DHANASEKARAN, G. BARADHAN, C. RAVIKUMAR AND J. NAMBI [Evaluating of abiotic stress tolerance-inducing substances on the growth, physiology and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 447-457 (2023). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: rrximmanuel@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Moisture stress due to delayed onset of monsoon, drought or frequent dry spell is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect rice production in Tamil Nadu. It reduces the yield of rice up to 85 % based on its severity. The foliar application of abiotic stress tolerance inducing substances may aid in mitigating stress-induced damages and increase the yield of rice plants. Salicylic acid, ZnSO4, gibberellic acid, humic acid, pink pigment facultative methylotrophs (PPFM), etc. are reported to increase antioxidant enzyme activities and resistance to drought stress however, its effects on crops were location specific. Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar, Cuddalore District in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu during “Kuruvai” and “Nanvarai” (Kharif and Rabi) seasons of 2021 and 2022 to study the effect of foliar application of stress tolerance inducing substances on the performance of transplanted rice under moisture stress condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations including control; Recommended dose fertilizer (RDF) with + acute soil drying + water spray/ KNO3 @ 2% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% two foliar sprays/ salicylic acid @ 200 ppm/ gibberellic acid @ 40 ppm/ humic acid @ 0.2%/pink pigment facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) @ 2% and was replicated thrice. Among the treatments, application of recommended dose of fertilizer (120 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha) along with KNO3 @ 2% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at panicle initiation and 15 days after first spray and humic acid @ 0.2% at booting stage and 15 days after first spray (flowering stage) increased the plant height of 41.01%, dry matter production of 84.70%, leaf area index of 94.25%, number of productive tillers/m of 32.43%, number of filled grains/panicle of 39.14%, reduced unfilled grains /panicle of 368.23%, increased grain yield of 87.23% and straw yield of 82.57% and benefit cost ratio of 1.86.
4. V. L. Sapunkov and E. V. Seminchenko* [Comparison of the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers during the autumn and spring tillering of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 458-462 (2023). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Integrated Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FRC of Agroecology of the RAS), University Avenue, 97, 400062, Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: eseminchenko@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
An important direction of modern agrotechnologies of crop production is the greening of intensive technologies and energy conservation, this contributes to the use of biological preparations that can increase yields, improve grain quality, increase profitability by saving mineral fertilizers and protective equipment. Therefore, field experiment was conducted during 2019-2021 in the dry-steppe zone of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. The scheme of the experiment included four sites with late-autumn; early-spring; late-spring application dates and control, without the use of nitrogen fertilizers. All records and surveys were carried out according to the methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops: calculation of germination, determination of tillering coefficient, determination of the weight of aboveground biomass of plants, the density of productive stems. As a result of studying the issue conducted in various weather conditions of the test years, it was established that the period of application of nitrogen fertilizers had a significant impact on the growth, development and yield of experimental crops. The highest yield indicators were recorded at the time of early spring application of nitrogen fertilizers @ 38.0, 30.8 and 40.2 q/ha in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. With the delay in the application of nitrogen fertilizers in the spring, the yield decreased by 8-13% during the observation period, and 32.94 28.2 and 35.8 q/ha in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in autumn, as close as possible to the end of the growing season, led to a decrease in yield by only 2-4% and amounted to 36.5, 29.8 and 39.5 q/ha in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.
5. RUSHIGAJIKI DIDACE, SIMBO DIAKITE*, MEISAM ZARGAR AND AIDAIBE AHMED ABDALBARE ABDIEE [Optimizing herbicide doses for weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Moscow region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 463-474 (2023). Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: 1042215234@rudn.ru)
ABSTRACT
One of the main reasons for the reduction of winter wheat yields in Russia, as in most major wheat-producing countries, is the massive infestation and rapid spread of annual weed species. Thus, this study was conducted during 2022 at D.N. Pryanishnikov Russian Research Institute of Agro chemistry, Russia with main objective to optimize the concentration of broad-spectrum herbicides: Lintur, VDG (659 g/kg dicamba-sodium + 41 g/kg triasulfuron), Bucephalus, KE (480g/L carfentrazone-ethyl), Camaro SE (6. 25 g/L florasulam + 300 g/L 2,4-D), Prima Forte 195 SE (180g/L 2,4-D + 10g/L aminopyralid +5g/L florasulam), and their plant growth regulator mixtures Moddus, KE (250 g/L trinexapac-ethyl) to protect winter wheat crops from weeds at Barbino (Russia). An inventory conducted on the study plot showed that the total number reached 434 pants/m2 weeds, with a total of 9 weed species namely Cirsium arvense, Cardaria draba, Galium aparine, Matricaria discoidea, Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare, Galeopsis tetrahit, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Sinapis arvensis of which 73.9% are annual species with a vegetative cycle parallel to that of winter wheat. Herbicide application at 50% showed little difference in weed control efficacy (%) compared to standards and ranged from 56.0 to 100.0% depending on treatment and weed species. Both individually applied herbicides and their mixtures with Moddus and free weed control contributed to a significant increase in yield and the increase was from 12.3 to 23.7%. Yield when using the options mixture with the growth regulator Moddus was higher than the individual application of herbicides regardless of the dose. Yield at a dose of 50% was slightly higher or lower compared with the manufacturer’s standard. In general, the growth regulator did not affect herbicide efficacy, but its combination with herbicides improved yield structure elements and increased yield quality of winter wheat.
6. TATYANA IVANCHENKO* AND VASILIY BOLDYREV** [Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with biologics on the spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield in the Lower Volga region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 475-480 (2023). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia (e-mail: *tvivanchenko@bk.ru; **boldyrevwv@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The biologization of crop production involves reducing the use of synthetic organic pesticides in the production cycle of harvesting, increasing the use of biological methods of plant protection that solve the problems of environmental pollution and agricultural products. The basis for the biologization of plant protection systems is the wider use of biological products that make it possible to obtain environmentally friendly, economically sound yields of major agricultural crops. In this regard, studies were conducted in the arid zone of the Lower Volga region, Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Russia from 2018 to 2020 to study the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment with chemical, biological protectants and physiologically active substances as well as an economic assessment of the impact of this agricultural to increase the yield of spring barley. The objects of research in field experiments were chemical seed protectant (Inshur Perform, CS), biological fungicide (BSKa-3), and organic fertilizers (Fertigrain Start, BP and potassium humate, BP). The maximum values for such indicators as field germination – 86%, plant survival for harvesting – 61%, productive bushiness – 1.04% were recorded in the variant of the use of biological preparations. There was also the highest number of grains in the ear – 14.5 pcs., the mass of 1000 seeds – 32.1 g. In comparison with the yield with the variants without treatment (control) and with the use of only chemical preparations, the yield in the variant with the use of biological preparations was, respectively, 25.7% more.
7. E. P. Sukhareva and A. V. Belikina* [Technology of cultivation of elite seeds of spring barley in Lower Volga region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 481-486 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS) Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: belikina-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
Spring barley is an important grain crop for food and fodder purposes. Providing quality seeds to grain producers will contribute to the stabilization of gross crop yields. Therefore, the cultivation of high-quality seed material is an urgent task for producers of spring barley grain. To determine the option for the effective use of pesticides and agrochemicals in the technological cycle for the production of spring barley seeds, a single-factor field experiment was laid using seeds from the selection of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on a site in the steppe zone of chernozem soils in 2020-2022. Super-elite seeds were sown for seed purposes with a seeding rate of 3.5 million germinating seeds per hectare after the black fallow predecessor. All repetitions in the experiment were placed in one field, the repetition of variants in the experiment was three times, their placement was systematic, sequential, in blocks in one tier. The area of the experimental plot was 180 m2.The seeding depth is 5-7 cm, the sowing method is ordinary, with C3C-2.1 grain seeders, followed by rolling, when sowing seeds in all variants of the experiment, Nitroammophoska fertilizer 80 kg/ha was applied. In the second variant, preparations were used: a herbicide in the phase of the first 2-3 leaves to eliminate weeds, a fungicide – fungal diseases and a growth regulator to start the growth of spring barley and form productive shoots. In the third variant, during the formation of the reproductive organs of barley, the second foliar treatment with a growth regulator with microfertilizer was carried out. The highest seed yield of 3.8 t/ha was recorded in the third variant of the experiment. The protein in the seeds of the harvest was 15.3%, the weight of 1000 grains was 53.1 g. The achieved profitability of the production of barley seeds in the experiment reached 218.2%. The influence of agrochemicals and chemical plant protection products was 90.3% in the technology of production of spring barley seeds. The highest profitability of 218.4% was obtained in the third variant with the use of mineral fertilizers and foliar top dressing at the tillering and heading phases. The influence of agrochemicals and chemical plant protection products was 90.3%. The influence of varieties was 9.7% in the production technology of spring barley seeds in the region.
8. Masina Sairam, Sagar Maitra*, Lalichetti Sagar, Tadiboina GopalA Krishna and Upasana Sahoo [Precision nutrient management on the growth and productivity of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.) under light textured brown forest soils of Odisha]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 487-495 (2023). Department of Agronomy M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211, Odisha, India *(e mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Maize’s high production potential, flexibility, and demand have led to a steady expansion of the land dedicated to growing the crop. Since maize is highly nutrient demanding crop, farmers are applying huge amount of nutrients which can lead to soil degradation and may cause environmental pollution. As an alternative for these circumstances, the present study was conducted on precision nutrient management in maize by using smart nutrient tools such as chlorophyll content meter (CCM) and leaf colour chart (LCC) and decision support systems, namely, nutrient expert (NE) for optimizing the nutrient requirement in maize. The current study was carried out for two consecutive years during Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at P. G. Research Farm of M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 14 treatments and replicated thrice and tested on the high yielding hybrid ‘Pioneer P3396’ with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha. The results clearly showed that precision nutrient management had a significant influence on growth, yield attributes and yield of maize. During both the seasons, the maximum plant height (244.3 and 256.7 cm), dry matter accumulation/plan (317.9 g and 323.4 g, stem girth (8.2 mm and 8.1 mm), number of cobs/plant (1.8 and 1.9), weight of the cob (238 g and 243 g), length of the cob (23.8 cm and 24.0 cm), grain yield (7850 kg/ha and 7950 kg/ha) and stover yield (12850 kg/ha and 12667 kg/ha) was found in the treatment consisting of ample dose of nitrogen and the other treatments such as 150% RDF and Sufficiency Index (SI) at 90-95% also performed better and remained at par with ample dose of nitrogen application during both the years. The experiment concluded that the application of primary nutrients, mainly, nitrogen in ample dose or in splits by considering CCM-based SI can be useful for optimization of nutrient requirement in Rabi maize for the light textured brown forest soils of Odisha.
9. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Xiphinema oxycaudatum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) associated with maize using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 496-499 (2023). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Plant-parasitic nematodes are the main nematodes that live in the soil, causing yield loss in various crops. Since Xiphinema oxycaudatum is an ectoparasite, it can reduce crop yields by feeding on the roots of crops like maize. Correct identification of this species is crucial as maize is a vital crop in South Africa’s Limpopo Province. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the nematode from South Africa’s soils using 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the chelex method. The nematode was identified as Xiphinema. Afterward, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode at the molecular level. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed South African X. oxycaudatum had 99% similarity (MK966417) with the South African population. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as X. oxycaudatum in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. While 28S rDNA was used to successfully identify this species, further investigation into the phylogeny of X. oxycaudatum will benefit from the addition of other rDNA markers such as ITS rDNA and mitochondrial DNA.
10. A. V. Solonkin, E. P. Sukhareva and A. V. Belikina* [Seed production techniques for enhancing millet yields in chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 500-505 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS) Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: belikina-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
Growing millet in the Nizhnevolzhsky region is as a drought-resistant crop that guarantees the provision of the food industry with raw materials and animal feed is extremely important. Seed-growing work on millet is currently represented by three varieties, as the most in demand among peasant farms. In technological issues of growing millet, insufficient attention has been paid to seeding rates for seed purposes in the arid region of the Lower Volga region. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal and economically justified sowing rate for obtaining seeds of sowing millet in the Lower Volga region. Studies to establish optimal seeding rates for seed purposes of millet sowing were carried out on an experimental plot in the Kamyshinsky district, Volgograd region. The obtained data on the yield of millet were processed by the method of dispersion analysis. As a result of studies to determine the optimal seeding rate for millet, it was found that for seed purposes the most effective seeding rate was 25 kg/ha, at this rate the Diana variety was the most productive – 1.8 t/ha. With the profitability of seed production – 207.3%. With a seeding rate of 20 kg/ha, the yield of the same variety was 1.6 t/ha, the profitability was 244.8%. The leading variety in the test had the highest weight of 1000 seeds – 8.7 g and protein content in the grain – 13.9%. The highest yield in the experiment was obtained in millet crops at a seeding rate of 25 kg/ha (1.8 t/ha) in the Diana variety. The result of the variety Diana is higher than that of the standard variety Saratovskoe 6 by 0.1 t/ha.
11. ZHANDYBAYEV ORKEN*, ALMAGUL MALIMBAYEVA, AIGERIM SHIBIKEYEVA AND ALTAY AMIRKHAN [Effect of fertigation on nutrient dynamics of gray-brown soils and apple (Malus pumila) yields in intensive orchards of Kazakhstan]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 506-514 (2023). Department of “Soil Science and Agrochemistry NJSC “Kazakh National Agrarian Research University” Almaty, Abay Avenue 8, 050010, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: mr.orken@yandex.kz)
ABSTRACT
Over the past 13 years, drip irrigation in intensive orchards has gained popularity in southern Kazakhstan. However, its impact on soil has not been studied before. Our research group conducted experiments from 2019 to 2022 in intensive orchards to study the dynamics of fertigation, the application of fertilizers through irrigation water, on soil nutrient levels. Experiments were conducted in Southern Kazakhstan at “Kentau” LLP on intensive orchards with a planting scheme of 0.8*3.5m from 2019 to 2022 with the aim of determining the dynamics of the impact of fertigation on the content of available nutrient elements in the soil. The effectiveness of traditional root feeding method was compared with fertigation (drip application of mother liquor) on large areas of 136.5 hectares in laboratories at the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University and the Laboratory of TOO “KosAgroKommertz”. Results showed that proper calculation of fertilizer doses for fertigation resulted in cyclic changes in soil nutrient levels (up to 23%), depending on the season and phenological phase of apple trees. The correlation between fruit quality and quantity was influenced by timing and assimilability of nutrients and method of application. Implementation of recommended fertilization methods resulted in increased yield, although the young age of some orchards may have contributed to the results. Under optimal nutrient management plans, nutrient levels in the soil showed noticeable fluctuations depending on the phenological phases of apple trees, which can be used to adjust fertigation practices. The study also revealed that fertigation can affect soil properties such as bulk density, soil density, and humus content, with potential long-term implications for soil health and fertility. In conclusion, fertigation significantly impacts soil nutrient levels in intensive orchards in southern Kazakhstan, and careful management of fertilizer doses and application timing is crucial for maximizing its effectiveness. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of fertigation on soil health and fertility, and its implications for sustainable agriculture practices. The findings contribute to knowledge on fertigation dynamics in Kazakhstan, serving as a basis for further studies and practical applications in agricultural management.
12. Gulnaz Ushkempirova, Marina Urazayeva, Saule Kazybayeva and Yuliya Yefremova* [Influence of rejuvenating pruning on the potential productivity of the apple tree]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 515-522 (2023). Laboratory of Agrotechnology and Nursery of Fruit and Berry Crops of Horticultural Crops Kazakh Fruit and Vegetables Research Institute, 050060 Gagarin ave., 238/5, Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: ydyo@inbox.ru)
ABSTRACT
The period of operation of intensive orchards is 15 years. At the age of 6-7 years, the quality of fruits decreases sharply and the frequency of fruiting increases. In order to extend the productive period of the orchard, an experiment was laid on the effect of rejuvenating pruning on the productivity of an apple tree, depending on the variety-rootstock combination. In the course of this scientific study, in the period from 2020 to 2022, results were obtained indicating the presence of the potential for productivity of apple varieties of the Kazakhstani selection Voskhod and Talgarskoe on the introduced forms B 7-35, Arm 18 and the rootstock of the Kazakhstani selection Zhetysu 5 in which the solar radiation transmittance was from 0.45% to 0.77%. On this basis, all the studied varieties are superior to the control variant. It also improved the light space inside the tree crown, which increased the number of young growth points and contributed to the awakening of reserve buds. Young growing fruits, located in the middle and central parts of the crown, are better supplied with nutrients after pruning than before pruning.
13. Shaymaa mohammed jubeir*, Salah Hassan Jabbar and Zaidoon Abbas Hassan [Effect of duration and type of bagging on fruit characteristics of date palm cv. Khastawi]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 523-526 (2023). Department of Horticulture College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: shaymaa.m@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Despite being historically renowned as a significant date producer, both the Arab world and Iraq have experienced a noticeable decline in date palm production in recent years. This decrease in output can be attributed to the sluggish integration of advanced techniques that could enhance and maintain high-quality yields. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at the Al-Rabee station on date palm cultivar Khastawi under the randomized complete blocks design with three replications, to study the effect of four treatments of bagging: B0 – Without bagging, B1 – Rocklin, B2- Agryl and B3 – Paper bags and four bagging periods: T0 – 0, T1 – 40, T2 – 50 and T3 – 60 days, and their interactions on the fruits characteristics of date palm cv. Khastawi. The results showed that T1B3 treatment gave the highest values in fruit set (86.55%), while T3B2 treatment was superior in respect to fruit weight (7.260g), seed weight (0.6300g), fresh weight (6.630g) and fruit diameter (1.8533cm). The lowest values of fruit characteristics were recorded in the control treatment. Therefore, we recommend using bagging fruits to improve fruit set, bunch yield and fruit quality.
14. KRYUCHKOV S. N., SOLONKIN A. V. AND SOLOMENTSEVA A. S.* [Testing of moisture-saturating polymers and synthetic mulching materials for growing fruit and berry crops]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 527-535 (2023). Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: alexis2425@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The article studies the growth and development of red raspberry (Rubus idaelus L.), Nanjing cherry (Prunus tomentosa Thunb.), golden currants (Ribes aureum Pursh.), and sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) in the variants of the experiment polymer gel + film + additional wetting by rainwater and meltwater runoff; polymer gel + film; polymer gel; control (without polymer gel and film). It was established that the use of a mulching black film could increase the moisture content of the root zone by up to 40%. When determining the water deficit, it was found that the experimental plants lost less moisture. Under the influence of hydrogels, the irrigation depth of fruit and berry crops was reduced by 50%. It was found that the black mulch film had a warming effect on the soil, which also had a positive effect on plant growth and development increasing the root zone temperature. Red raspberry bushes formed better when using hydrogels in the soil; during seasonal observations, an increased number of first-year canes was noted up to 2.5 higher than in the control. The hydrogel and mulching film had the best effect on Nanjing cherries, increasing the number of leaves on experimental plants and formed fruit shoots. Sea buckthorn under the film exceeded biometric indicators by 2 times vs the control plants. In golden currant plants, the best growth and development were observed in the variant using hydrogel and mulching film; foundation stocks developed intensively and bore fruit better with the experiment continuation, it is possible to obtain high profits from the sale of grown products. The use of hydrogels and mulch film reduces herbicide costs by reducing weeds and producing organic fruits and berries.
15. DEBU KUMAR BHATTACHARJYA, MD SHAMSUZZAMAN, ANUPOMA SEN, ABDULLAH HEL MAFI, AKHTER JAHAN KAKON, MANNA SALWA AND MD. MAHFUZUR ROB* [Evaluation of the nutritive value and metal content of prevalent edible mushrooms in Bangladesh]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 536-543 (2023). 3Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh *(e-mail: mahfuzrob@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Mushroom cultivation in Bangladesh has been on the rise, however, their nutrient and heavy metal content is not well investigated. Herein, prevalent cultivars and strains of five mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Auricularia auricula and Ganoderma lucidum) were analyzed for their nutritional values (total ash, lipid, crude fiber, protein and carbohydrates) as well as metal concentrations using standard methods. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of the Biochemistry Department at Sher-e Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2022. The proximate composition of mushrooms varied from 2.67–11.57%, 2.05-3.81%, 15.52-22.61%, 6.1-12.71% and 46.01-57.85% for total ash, lipid, crude fiber, protein and carbohydrates, respectively. The highest values of Fe, Mn, Zn, P, Ca, Mg, K, S and N were 315.87, 19.14, 267.96, 2.92, 1.07, 0.44, 4.62, 0.78 and 3.06 ìg/g, respectively. Remarkably, the highest amounts of heavy metals, Pb (5.65 ìg/g) and Cd (0.22 ìg/g) were found in Pleurotus citrinopileatus, while Cr (3.22 ìg/g) and Ni (1.65 ìg/g) were found in a variety of Pleurotus ostreatus. The findings revealed that heavy metal concentrations in two mushroom varieties exceeded the maximum permissible limit recommended by WHO/FAO. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis comparing the nutritional value and metal content of popular mushroom species of Bangladesh.
16. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characterization of Streptomyces using 16S rDNA isolated from potato, Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 544-547 (2023). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Streptomyces species are gram-positive and are the largest genus of Actinomycetota and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. Streptomyces includes several species that can be used as a biocontrol agent for managing plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi threatening the crops. Therefore, they become important bacteria for improving yields in potato production. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Streptomyces from a potato field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the bacterium associated with potato filed from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as Streptomyces. The Nblast analysis showed South African Streptomyces has 99% similarity with a population from South Africa (HQ823600). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Streptomyces in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers for a better understanding of Streptomyces phylogeny is recommended.
17. Hassan Abu-Qaoud*, Baker Bsharat and Munqez Shtaya [Effect of growth regulators and colchicine on regeneration of two potato cultivars in vitro]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 548-554 (2023). 1Department of Plant Production and Protection Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 707, Palestine *(e-mail: hassan@najah.edu)
ABSTRACT
The effect of different levels of Benzyl adenine (BA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on in vitro regeneration of Spunta and Mondial potato cultivars were studied, in addition, the effect of different levels of colchicine administered either as part of MS media (0.0, 10 ì M, 100 ì M and 1 mM) or by soaking potato buds (0.0, 1, 2 and 3 mM) on in vitro regeneration of two potato cultivars was studied in the Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Tulkarm, Palestine. Higher shoot number was obtained when BA at 1 and 2 ppm were combined with 0.5 ppm NAA or without NAA, with variation between the two cultivars. Root number was significantly affected with the hormone levels, higher root number per bud in Spunta cultivar was obtained when NAA was utilized exclusively at 1 and 0.5 ppm respectively, however with Mondial cultivar, the higher number was observed at 1 ppm NAA. Significant effect of colchicine on shoot multiplication in both cultivars was observed, higher average shoot number for both cultivars (3.25 and 3.07) was recorded when higher level of colchicine ( 1mM and 100 ì M) was added to the media for “Spunta’ and “Mondial” respectively. When potato buds were soaked in colchicine, no significant effect on regeneration ability of the two cultivars was observed. Our results indicated a positive effect of colchicine on in vitro regeneration of two potato cultivars, therefore, protocols of polypolidization of potato through in vitro culture could be implemented.
18. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characterization of Enterobcater ludwigii using 16S rDNA isolated from carrot, Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 555-558 (2023). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Enterobacter is an exceptionally diverse genus of bacteria found in various habitats associated with soil, plants, and animals, including humans. Enterobacter species are gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is also described as non-spore-forming, flagella-containing, urease-positive, and lactose fermenting. Enterobacter includes several species, which can be risky pathogenic bacteria to vegetables, including carrots, and therefore have an impact on the fresh production of carrots. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Enterobacter from a carrot field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the bacterium associated with tomato filed from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter. The Nblast analysis showed South African E. ludwigii has 98% similarity with a population from India (MW383808). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Enterobacter in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers for a better understanding of Enterobacter phylogeny is recommended.
19. K. K. SHARMA AND H. K. SACHAN* [Effect of varieties and salinity on the growth and yield performance of tomato under greenhouse conditions in central Fiji]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 559-566 (2023). College of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Fiji National University, PO Box 1544 Nausori, Fiji *(e-mail: sachanhk@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
A pot experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Instructional Agricultural Farm Complex of the College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Fiji to determine the effect of different levels of salinity on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) varieties. The experiment included two factors: three tomato varieties (V1 = Melrose; V2 = Alton; V3 = Alafua Large) and four salinity levels (T1 = Control with no application of saline water; T2 = 2 dSm-1; T3 = 4 dSm-1 and T4 = 8 dSm-1) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of various varieties and salinity levels on tomato growth were studied in this experiment. Results revealed that variety significantly affected the growth of the tomato. Alafua Large recorded maximum plant height of 67.63 cm and 135.68 cm, number of leaves of 7.3 and 33.5 per plant, 0.64 cm, and 0.92 cm plant stem diameter, 3.67 primary branches per plant, 13.08 days flowering duration, 11.92 flower clusters per plant, 59.83 flowers per plant at 20 and 40 DAT respectively. The combined effect of variety and the salt concentration of Alafua Large also showed a better growth performance than other varieties. Alafua Large also showed better yield (432.17 g and 394.51 g) per plant compared to other varieties when combined with lower salinity levels i.e., EC 2 dSm-1 and 4 dSm-1, respectively (P < 0.05). The yield per plant of Alafua Large yielded 194.54 g when applied at the highest level of salinity i.e., EC 8 dSm-1, and the yield of Alton was 64.69 g which was the lowest yield among the varieties with the highest level of salinity condition. Alafua Large performed better than all other varieties and recorded higher growth parameters and yield at higher salinity levels.
20. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Observations of Pseudomonas fragi in connection with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using 16S rDNA from Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 567-570 (2023). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the premier vegetables in the world and is widely cultivated. As it is a relatively short-duration crop with a high yield, it is economically attractive, and the area under cultivation is increasing. Many studies showed when plants are associated with Pseudomonas, the growth parameter of plants promote because of suppressing pathogenic micro-organisms, and plants become resistant to disease. This study was conducted to isolate and identify a Pseudomonas bacterium from a tomato field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Therefore, the molecular study was conducted in 2022 at the University of Limpopo to identify the bacterium associated with tomato filed from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas fragi. The Nblast analysis showed South African P. fragi has 96% similarity with a strain from Italy (MG972899). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as P. fragi in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 16S rDNA; however, other DNA markers are recommended for a better understanding of P. fragi phylogeny.
21. GAVIN GELDENHUYS* [Effect of soil factors on plant-parasitic nematode associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), case study in Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 571-574 (2023). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Plant-parasitic nematodes are some of the most important plant pathogens in tomato farms. Tomato is an acritical and high-demand vegetable in the world. The plant-parasitic nematodes are highly adapted and can cause severe damage to tomato farms. Therefore, understanding the population of nematodes on the tomato field assists the farmer in managing them and having better yields. This study was conducted to identify nematode species from the soil and root samples during a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in four tomato farms in 2021. The samples were collected across the farms in Limpopo province, South Africa. Analyzing the soil and identifying the nematodes has been done at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. Seven nematode species were identified from the soil and root samples out of the 40 soil samples collected. The nematodes encountered were Meloidogyne (700), Pratylenchus (430), Xiphinema (380), Helicotylenchus (260), Ditylenchus (180), Rotylenchus (110), Tylenchorhynchus (90). The CCA results indicated the contribution of PPN species and soil variables in tomato farms to the analysis indicated that Meloidogyne and Rotylenchus were dominant in substrates characterized by soil structure (Clay, Silt%), and high-level of Ca (%), Carbon (%), and K (%) found in Polokwane and Tzaneen tomato farms. At the same time, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, and Xiphinema were dominant in substrates characterized by sand (%), Na (%), and Mg (%) found in Giyani and Louis Trichardt tomato farms. In conclusion, soil factors can directly affect soil biology. In this study, the results showed unsustainable soil factor was the reason for the high plant-parasitic nematode population in the tomato field.
22. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characterization of Penicillium using ITS rDNA isolated from tomato in Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 575-578 (2023). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Penicillium is a genus of saprophytic fungi which feed on dead and decaying materials. This fungus is commonly known as blue or green mold. They are economically important for the production of cheese, organic acids, and antibiotics. They play an important role as a decomposer in the ecosystem. Penicillium includes several species, which can be a risky pathogenic fungus for the postharvest disease of vegetables, including tomatoes, and therefore have an impact on the fresh production of tomatoes. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Penicillium from a tomato field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the fungi associated with tomato filed from South Africa’s soils using ITS rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The fungus was identified as Penicillium. The Nblast analysis showed South African Penicillium has 99% similarity with a population from South Africa (MG975634). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Penicillium in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using ITS rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers for a better understanding of Penicillium phylogeny is recommended.
23. A. M. BELYAKOV AND M. V. NAZAROVA* [Ecological and economic efficiency of the agroforestry complex in the zone of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 579-583 (2023). 1Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: mn1967@list.ru)
ABSTRACT
Light chestnut soils are the most vulnerable to external factors. In the system of balanced farming, an important place is occupied by the forest reclamation complex, which performs the ecological function of preserving and restoring degraded territories and soils. The zonal aspect of the impact of the agroforestry complex on soil and crops is poorly studied, the choice of criteria for assessing the impact on the agrolandscape causes discussion, there is no theory of rational land use, which determines the relevance of this work. Moreover, there are about 930 thousand hectares of low-productive degraded arable land in the Volgograd region. Therefore, the purpose of the research conducted from 2016 to 2022 was to study the environmental and economic efficiency of the agroforestry complex in the zone of chestnut soils. The research methodology is based on the developments of the GNU VNIIZiZPE, FGBNU VNIALMI, FGBNU “Rosinformagrotech”, on the analysis and generalization of scientific literature, data obtained from three economic entities, with different options for agrotechnological and forest reclamation factors and control outside their impact zone. The normative values of the structure have been clarified, supplemented, and the ecological and economic efficiency of the agroforestry complex of the arid zone has been established. A high level of profitability of winter wheat grain production of 92.4-170.4% and a balance of agricultural production of 4 points were revealed, which, under the conditions of anthropogenic and climatic stress of agricultural production, ensures the formation of ecologically balanced agricultural landscapes and the implementation of the idea of rational farming and land use in areas of insufficient and deficient moisture.
24. ALIYA KHUZHAKHMETOVA*, DARIA SAPRONOVA**, ALEXANDER BELYAEV AND SERGEY LAZAREV [Study on selection of woody plants to create sustainable green spaces in sparsely forested rural areas]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 584-592 (2023). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Forest Reclamations of the Russian Academy of Science (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia (e-mail: *avfanc@yandex.ru; **sapronova.darya@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
For sustainable development of rural areas in low forested regions it is necessary to create additional areas of artificial plantations from the adapted gene pool of woody plants. The existing artificial plantations were created more than 70 years ago, so they do not effectively fulfill their ameliorative functions. The aim of the research is the selection of woody plants to form landscaping spaces of recreational type in sparsely forested regions. Bioecological studies of 18 tree species of the families Rosaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Cornaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Corylaceae, Anacardiaceae, Rhamnáceae in dendrological collections of the Federal Research Centre of Agroecology RAS were carried out from July to October 2021 under field conditions. Conventional methods for evaluating crown structure on microclimatic parameters and ornamental value were applied. Original data were obtained by non-invasive method (Dualex Scientific device), which showed species-specificity of quantitative indicators of photopigments, their lability as an indicator of resistance to high temperatures was given. Dynamics of pigment indices in leaves showed that interspecific variation of the index is higher than intraspecific variation. The adapted assortment of trees and shrubs for arid regions has been identified. It is established that trees (Quercus robur) and shrubs with dense crowns (Ligustrum vulgare, Syringa vulgaris, Rosa rugose, etc.) reduce air temperature more effectively (by 2.2-4.3°C) than woody species with openwork crowns (species of genera Gleditsia and Robinia). It is shown that changing the composition of phytodiversity will increase the quality class of plantations. Quercus robur, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rhus typhina, Cotinus coggygria, species of Gleditsia and Amelanchier are recommended for creation of artificial plantations in the research region.
25. A. V. Solonkin, E. P. Sukhareva and A. V. Belikina* [Agro-economic evaluation on producing seeds of Sudanese grass in the steppe zone of the Lower Volga region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 593-597 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS) Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: belikina-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
The creation of a lump base for the livestock industry in the Nizhnevolzhsky region requires expanding the range of feed that can provide a complete diet for farm animals. Introduction of annual fodder grasses into the field crop rotations of the region is recommended, of which one of them is Sudanese grass with undeniable nutritional value. However, the most cost-effective sowing method for obtaining high-quality seeds of Sudanese grass in the Lower Volga region of Russia is the pre-requisite. Therefore, this work was carried out in 2020 to 2022 In a two-factor experiment established in the dry steppe zone, where the influence of sowing methods on the yield of Sudanese grass seeds was studied. Two factors were studied: variety and method of sowing. The results of the experiment were made using dispersion analysis. The assessment of economic efficiency was determined using data on the cost of seeds according to the seed service of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2020-2022.It has been determined that the most effective way for producing seeds is wide-row with a width of 45 cm between the rows and a seeding rate of 1.2 million pieces. germinating seeds/ha. By sowing seeds in this way, an average yield of 1.81 t/ha was obtained. The profitability of seed production is 1.4 times higher than when sowing seeds of Sudanese grass in an ordinary way, with a row width of 15 cm, with a norm of 1.2 million pieces. seeds/ha the reliability of the results of the study was confirmed by analysis of variance, the studied factor as a result of the experiment is 73.7%.
26. PHAN THI PHUONG NHI*, LE KHAC PHUC, NGUYEN VAN TOAN, THAI THI HUYEN AND NGUYEN HUU NGU [Effects of the microbial organic fertilizer and plant density on growth, development and yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Central Vietnam]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 598-604 (2023). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: ptpnhi@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Roselle is a potential crop in Vietnam due to its wide adaptation and many uses. In Thua Thien Hue province – Central Vietnam, the roselle has been grown widely at Phong Dien district. However, local people were growing on their experience and mainly using inorganic fertilizers, which had affected the crop yield partly. In order to towards environmentally friendly and contribute to completing the growing process to expand the safe material area for roselle, the experiments were carried out during 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effects of microbial organic fertilizer doses and planting density on the growth, development and yield of roselle. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments, with three doses of microbial organic fertilizer (0, 0.5, 1.5 tons/ha) and four planting densities (21000, 24000, 28000, 33000 plants/ha), arranged in a split-plot design with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that in the 0.5 tons/ha of microbial organic fertilizer application treatment and planted at 33000 plants/ha had the highest yield per plant in both crops (568.04 and 590.04 g/plant), with yields of 20.98 and 20.56 tons/ha, respectively. Therefore, it could be recommended to use that amount of microbial organic fertilizer and plant density in the process of growing roselle in Thua Thien Hue and similar ecological regions.
27. MAHESH HAROLI, SP. RAMANATHAN*, GA. DHEEBAKARAN, V. GEETHALAKSHMI, J. S. KENNEDY AND M. R. DURAISAMY [Assessing the influence of sowing dates and crop geometry on Fall Armyworm infestation in maize (Zea mays L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 605-612 (2023). 1Agro Climate Research Centre Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: ramanathan.sp@tnau.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
The present investigation to determine the effect of date of sowing and crop geometry against fall armyworm (FAW) damage in maize was conducted in TNAU, Coimbatore during the Summer and Rainy seasons using three different crop geometries as precision farming (75 × 25 cm), TNAU recommended spacing (60 × 25 cm) and farmer’s practice (45 × 25 cm) in three sowing windows. Among sowing windows, the crop grown in 12th standard meteorological week (SMW) was associated with the highest levels of leaf damage of 11.16 , 71.0 , and 50.71 per cent recorded at 16, 30, and 60 days after sowing (DAS), whereas the crop sown in 7th SMW experienced the least damage (8.32% at 16 DAS, 23.01% at 30 DAS, 31.71% at 45 DAS, and 22.96% at 60 DAS) and the intermediate damage occurred in 9th SMW in the summer season. Contrarily, during the rainy season, the highest leaf damage occurred in crop sown at 34th SMW (26.20, 46.87 and 30.0 per cent at 30, 45, and 60 DAS, respectively) and the lowest leaf damage of 3.50, 13.01, 27.34 and 17.83 per cent recorded at 16, 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively for 39th SMW sown crop. The 37th SMW sown crop exhibited intermediary damage. Among the altered cropping geometries wider spacing (75 × 25 cm) between rows has lesser leaf damage in contrast, dense arrangement (45 × 25 cm) created a favourable microclimate for fall armyworm infestation and 60 × 25 cm has an intermediary infestation with the highest grain yield among the cropping geometries. So, the planting geometry 60×25 cm may be adopted as one of the cultural practices in the integrated pest management of maize considering both yields as well as FAW damage.
28. K. P. MALATJI, K. M. POFU and P. W. MASHELA* [Development of non-phytotoxic concentration for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide on sweet potato cultivar ‘Bophelo’]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 613-617 (2023). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Phytonematicides are being used as an alternative to synthetic chemical nematicides for managing population densities of the root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes in the production of crops. However, due to their origin from allelochemicals, phytonematicides have the potential of being phytotoxic and thereby inducing unintended crop losses. The incident is being managed through a computer-based model, which provides the non-phytotoxic concentration that should be applied at each application interval, with inherent attributes of being plant-specific. The objective of this study was to investigate the non-phytotoxic concentration of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide on sweet potato cv. ‘Bophelo’ and associated overall sensitivity (“k) of the cultivar to the product. The trial was initiated during autumn (February-April) 2021 and validated in 2022 in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Geometric concentrations of the product, applied weekly, were randomly assigned with five replications. At 56 days after the treatment, plant variables were collected, prepared, and subjected to the computer-assisted model, with the non-phytotoxic concentration, Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP), computed at 2.18 % Nemafric-BL for cv. ‘Bophelo’, with (“k) = 0. In conclusion, the application of 2.18 % Nemafric-BL would not induce phytotoxicity to sweet potato cv. ‘Bophelo’.
29. S. Yu. Turko*, L. P. Rybashlykova and M. V. Vlasenko [Agroecological aspects of cultivating granary crop for the restoration of degraded lands under arid zone: A review]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 618-627 (2023). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Amelioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: turkosvetlana73@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The review highlights the issues of distribution, agroecology, comparative assessment of productivity of the main species of the genus Agropyron and their use as phytomeliorants in the south of Russia in arid climatic conditions. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the experimental sites studied and established the timing of the phases of development of broad-leaved and narrow-leaved forms of the genus Agropyron. Discussed agroecological aspects of the cultivation of Agropyron species, which are widely used to restore the vegetation cover of degraded pastures and hayfields of arid zones, quickly take root, are preserved, provide soil stabilization and are a high-quality source of feed. To solve modern environmental problems and increase the efficiency of growing species of the genus Agropyron, new approaches are considered and practical recommendations for improving its forms in the future are proposed, based on the analysis of ecological, botanical, geographical and biological data.
30. M. O. Shatrovskaya* [Spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters of chestnut soils in small watersheds under the influence of forest strips]. Res. Crop. 24 (3): 628-635 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: marr1910@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The soils of agricultural land are degraded, which affects their productivity. Soil properties reflect the ability of soil to prevent the processes of degradation. The article presents materials on the study of chestnut soils of Volgograd region in the system of protective forest belts on arid agricultural lands. The purpose of the study, conducted in 2021, was to establish the spatial impact of protective forest strips on the physico-chemical parameters of the soil in the conditions of a low steepness of the slope of the eastern exposition. To achieve this goal, we investigated theoretical and methodological materials on the experimental plot and studied the selected samples by conducting laboratory analyses of the main indicators (granulometric composition, soil structure coefficient, soil density, organic carbon). As a result of the study of samples from points near the forest belt and within it the following was revealed: high content of organic matter (up to 1.47%) and high density (up to 1.53 g/cm3), sandy loam soil with a light granulometric composition and high content of agronomically valuable aggregates (0.25-10 mm), the structure factor above 1.6. Outside the forest belt and up the slope low carbon content (not more than 0.84 %) low density (not more than 1.32 g/cm3), soil has heavy granulometric composition, structure coefficient decreases to 0.86.
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