Volume 23, No. 4 (December, 2022)
1. R. MEGALA, M. K. KALARANI*, P. JEYAKUMAR, N. SENTHIL AND R. PUSHPAM [Exogenous melatonin application mitigates the adverse impact of drought stress at panicle initiation and anthesis stages in rice (Oryza sativa)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4) : 711-718 (2022). Department of Crop Physiology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India *(e-mail: kalarani.mk@tnau.ac.in) ABSTRACT Foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and nutrients are being employed increasingly as a management option in recent years. Such a new compound to be explored for stress mitigation is melatonin. Melatonin, an indoleamine compound, plays an important role in plant stress defense. Studies reveal that exogenous treatment or ectopic overexpression of melatonin biosynthetic genes improve the resistance against a series of stressors in crops. But there is still opacity about the mechanisms through which melatonin confers drought tolerance in rice. To clear this ambiguity, we studied the impact of foliar application of melatonin in rice under water-stressed conditions. A glasshouse experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during kharif 2021. The study focussed on standardizing the optimum melatonin concentration and disseminating the physiological traits involved in conferring melatonin-mediated drought tolerance in rice. The trial was laid in a factorial completely randomized design with six treatments imposed at panicle initiation and anthesis stages in a separate set of plants replicated four times. Drought stress was imposed at panicle initiation and anthesis by withholding water for seven days, while the absolute control was watered regularly. Foliar spray of 200 and 250 µM melatonin was given, when the absolute control and control plants were left untreated. The results interpreted that drought stress significantly altered the chlorophyll content, leaf water status, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. The exogenous application of melatonin alleviated the adversative effects of drought stress by improving the osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. Therefore, it is concluded that foliar application of 200 µM melatonin was most effective in mitigating the negative influences of drought stress in rice by enhancing the antioxidant system which effectively scavenges the drought-induced reactive oxygen species. 2. A. K. M. GOLAM SARWAR*, MD. SABIBUL HAQUE, MD. ZAKIR HOSSEN AND A. K. M. AHSAN KABIR [Supplementary potassium application enriched micronutrient status of purple rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 719-728 (2022). Department of Crop Botany Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh *(e-mail: drsarwar@bau.edu.bd) ABSTRACT Black/purple rice are rich in anthocyanins, antioxidants, vitamins, and fibres, which possess various health benefits including the prevention of cancer, diabetes, and heart diseases. An experiment was conducted to enhance (or modify) the nutrient composition of a Bangladeshi native Purple rice cultivar by potassic (K) fertilizer management. Four fertilizer doses viz., Control (Urea-Triple Superphosphate-Muriate of Potash (MoP)-Gypsum @ 150-52.2-82.5-60 kg/ha, respectively), 20% less urea than the control, 20% additional urea+25% additional MoP than the control, and 25% additional MoP than the control, were used as experimental treatments. Four rice cultivars, viz. BRRI dhan71, Purple dhan, Binadhan-7 and Pahari dhan were used as experimental materials. Brown rice (or hulled rice) of the purple rice cultivar is rich in protein and minerals compared to test cultivars. The grain yield and mineral content of Purple dhan did not improve significantly by K fertilizer, alone or with additional N, except Fe and Zn. The highest amount of Fe and Zn (105.83 and 47.75 ppm, respectively) was obtained with 25% additional K indicating the scope of bio-fortification through cultural practices. Purple dhan could be used as a potential parental source or donor for further micronutrient enriched rice breeding programmes, which might be used as a weapon for combating micronutrient deficiency in Bangladesh and the world. 3. PUGAZHENTHI DAVIDSON ROKINS, NELLAIAPPAN OLAGANATHAN GOPAL* AND RANGASAMY ANANDHAM [Modification of root architecture of rice by guard cell and rhizosphere halotolerant bacteria under saline stress]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 729-736 (2022). Department of Agricultural Microbiology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: gopalnandha1964@gmail.com) ABSTRACT A significant global issue for agriculture is soil salinity. Rice, being one of the most salt-sensitive cereals, is greatly affected by salinity. High salt concentrations have a detrimental impact on root growth of rice. Halotolerant bacteria are known to alleviate salinity stress and have been shown to alter the root morphology of some plants. This possible alteration effect of halotolerant bacteria on rice is not well known. In this study, the halotolerant bacterial strains Enterobacter cloacae GCH3, Acinetobacter sp. GCH4, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RSH6 and Bacillus tequilensis RSH8 were used to evaluate the early alterations of rice root architecture. These bacteria were inoculated into rice seedlings growing in culture tubes under gnotobiotic conditions, and root architecture variables of developing roots were assessed periodically using non-destructive 2-dimensional imaging and processing in both normal and salt stress conditions. The images were analyzed and processed to obtain 20 root architecture variables in which, the variables such as maximum number of roots, network solidity, number of lateral roots, network surface area, root thickness, area, volume and bushiness were significantly increased with time course due to halotolerant bacterial inoculation than uninoculated control. The root and shoot biomass was also found to be increased by bacterial inoculation. Number of connecting components, median number of roots, specific root length and major ellipse axes were negatively impacted by halotolerant bacteria. Enterobacter cloacae GCH3 and Bacillus tequilensis RSH8 excelled in most of the traits in improving the root architecture of rice under saline conditions which can promote the early growth stages of root and protect the plant from saline stress effects. 4. Achmad Fatchul Aziez*, Daryanti Wiyono and Desy Ratna Wulandari [Evaluating diazotrophic endophytic bacteria consortium on the physiology of various varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) in rainfed lowlands]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 737-744 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Tunas Pembangunan, Surakarta, Central Java 57135, Indonesia *(e-mail: achmad.aziez@lecture.utp.ac.id) ABSTRACT Rainfed land is usually poor in nutrients including nitrogen nutrients. A consortium of endophytic bacteria can fix nitrogen from the air so that it is expected to improve the physiology of lowland rice varieties. This study was conducted during June 2022 at rainfed rice fields in Demangan, Sambi, Boyolali, Central Java, Indonesia to determine the analysis of the growth of paddy varieties at various doses of the endophytic bacteria consortium. This research used a completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was a consortium of endophytic bacteria with a dose of 0, 20, 30, and 40 L/ha/application, while the second factor was varieties paddy i.e., Situbagendit, Ciherang and Mekongga. The results showed that the dose of endophytic bacteria consortium 40 L/ha/application showed an increase in leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), and crop growth rate (CGR) compared to doses of 0, 20 and 30 L/ha/application. The implication of this research is that in rainfed rice fields to increase LAI, LAD, NAR and CGR of rice varieties, it is better to use a consortium dose of diazotroph endophytic bacteria 40 L/ha/application and can use Situbagendit, Ciherang or Mekongga varieties. 5. MD. ALAMIN ISLAM, MD. TOUHIDUL ISLAM, TASNIA HOSSAIN MUNMUN, MOHAMMED MIZANUR RAHMAN, DEBASHREE HALDER TULI, APURBA BISHWAS JOY AND A. K. M. ADHAM* [Performance of different conservation practices for irrigated paddy rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation as affected by soil texture of Mymensingh region in Bangladesh]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 745-754 (2022). Department of Irrigation and Water Management Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *(e-mail: adham.iwm@bau.edu.bd) ABSTRACT Soil moisture is critical to the growth and yield-contributing character traits of rice. However, few studies have yet to outline the effects of soil texture on irrigated paddy rice cultivation under diverse conservation techniques. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at the Field Irrigation Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University to investigate the water productivity and yield-contributing characteristics of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.; variety: BRRI dhan 28) during Boro season for two years with two different soil textures (silt loam, 2019 and loam, 2020) and three different irrigation techniques, namely, Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), Raised Bed (RB) and the conventional Continuous Flooding (CF). It was observed that seepage in CF treatment was higher than that of AWD and RB. Highest grain yield (6.70±0.04 t/ha) was found for 15 cm AWD treatment (irrigation applied when water level reached 15 cm below ground surface) for silt loam and the same for loam soil was 6.53±0.50 t/ha under 10 cm AWD treatment. CF method of irrigation yielded grain lowest for both silt loam (5.47±0.05) t/ha and loam (5.28±0.19) t/ha soil. For both soil textures, CF treatment required more water than conservation treatments and resulted in lower water productivity. Again, for both the types of soil, AWD performed comparatively better than the CF, especially 15 cm AWD for silt loam soil and 10 cm AWD for loam soil because it required minimum water for paddy rice cultivation and its water productivity was maximum for the same rice production. Therefore, adopting these water-conserving methods would have a considerable implication for water-scarce agricultural regions. 6. PAIMAN*, MUHAMMAD ANSAR, FANI ARDIANI AND SITI FAIRUZ YUSOFF [Minimizing weed competition through waterlogging in rice (Oryza sativa) under various soil types]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 755-762 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55182, Indonesia *(e-mail: paiman@upy.ac.id) ABSTRACT National rice production continues to be increased to meet the needs of food security in Indonesia. But in reality, every rice cultivation always raises the problem of weed disturbances. One way to control weeds can be through waterlogging. Waterlogging can suppress weed growth and increase rice yields. This study was conducted from August 2019-January 2020 at greenhouse conditions, Faulty of Agriculture, Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta. The study aimed at knowing the waterlogging period to minimize weed competition and increase the rice yield. This study was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial with three replications. The first factor was the waterlogging period, which consisted of three levels : without waterlogging, 1-15 days after planting (DAP) and 1-30 DAP. The second factor was soil types, which consisted of four kinds : latosol, coastal sandy, volcanic and regosol soil. The weed observation was carried out at 60 DAP, and the rice was done at 104 DAP. The results showed that waterlogging could minimize weed competition in rice fields. Furthermore, waterlogging period of 1-30 DAP could inhibit the weed dry weight (WDW) and increase the leaf area index (LAI), shoot : root ratio (SRR), grain dry weight (GDW) and harvest index (HI) in different soil types. Waterlogging period of 1-30 DAP gave the highest GDW in latosol (7.5 t/ha), then decreased in volcanic (6.0 t/ha), regosol (5.9 t/ha) and the lowest in coastal sandy (4.8 t/ha). The research findings showed that waterlogging period of 1-30 DAP could minimize the weed competition and increase the rice yield. Thus, it was highly recommended to be practised as cultural weed control in rice cultivation. In future research, weed types that are tolerant to waterlogging treatment need to be combined with weeding treatment. 7. YURII PLESKACHIOV, SERGEY VORONOV, SERAZHUTDIN KURBANOV, ELENA PAKINA*, MEISAM ZARGAR, MIKHAIL KUZMICH AND DIDACE RUSHIGAJIKI [Effect of tillage and macronutrients application on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) under semi-arid conditions of Southern Russia]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 763-769 (2022). Federal Research Center Nemchinovka, p. 1, 30, Bolshoy Boulevard The territory of the innovation center “Skolkovo”, Moscow, 121205, Russia *(e-mail: e-pakina@yandex.ru) ABSTRACT Tillage system and macronutrients are the many emerging farming issues that are addressed in contemporary cropping systems. In this regard, selection of a promising high-yielding variety of winter soft wheat was considered. The effects of basic tillage practices (Moldboard ploughing, Flat cutting ploughing and Disk ploughing) in combination with the different fertilization (Fertilizer-free, N90P50 and N180P100) were investigated on qualitative and quantitative parameters of winter wheat cultivar Grom under semi-arid environmental condition of southern Russia. The experimental design used in this experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest winter wheat Grom yield with the value of 5.3 and 5.6 t/ha was attained for Moldboard ploughing and Flat cutting ploughing at a depth of 20-22 cm combined with application of nutrients N180P100, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest grain yield (2.78 t/ha) was achieved in fertilizer-free treatment in combination with Disk ploughing 12-14 cm depth. Moldboard ploughing plus nutrient application N180P100 had the best results on leaf area (48.2 thousand m2/ha), photosynthetic potential (million m2 × day/ha) and dry biomass (10.1 t/ha). 8. N. FISUNOV, O. SHULEPOVA* AND N. SANNIKOVA [Influence of basic tillage and coulisse strips on the weed infestation and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the Tyumen region]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 770-775 (2022). Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University, Russia *(e-mail: shulepovaov@gauz.ru) ABSTRACT In terms of agricultural production, Western Siberia is a risky farming zone. Unfavourable weather phenomena in some years include moisture deficiency in the first half of the growing season, which negatively affects yield, as well as excessive moisture and lack of heat in the second half of the period, which leads to a decrease in grain quality. The special natural conditions of Siberia require specific consideration of the use of agricultural technologies that compensate for factors that negatively affect the yield of the land. The purpose of the presented study was to determine the most effective tillage options for increasing the yield of spring wheat in the Tyumen region (Russia). This study was conducted at the experimental field of the Northern Trans-Urals State Agrarian University from 2014-19 to evaluate the effect of basic tillage with and without the use of coulisse strips on the weed infestation and yield of spring wheat in the Tyumen region, Russia. Comparative evaluation of the basic tillage with or without sown coulisse strips showed less weed infestation of spring wheat (3.3-27.1 and 3.6-29.4 no./m2) on the basic tillage variants (plowing and loosening) with sowing single-line coulisse strips, where the resulting larger yield of 3.74 t/ha (+ 0.17 t/ha compared to the control variant) was obtained. The results showed that moldboard tillage using coulisse strips had a positive effect on plant growth and development, due to the density, soil moisture, and weed reduction in obtaining high yield of spring wheat. The data obtained in the course of long-term studies can be used in the development of recommendations for agricultural production on the cultivation of spring wheat for grain and seeds under conditions close to those of the region under study. 9. Aiymen Ahmed A. K. Al-Abassi, Wael F. A. AL-Shamary, Khamael Ali Kareem and Abdel monnem Sadalaha Kahlei* [Effect of plant density and foliar spray of zinc on vegetative growth of corn (Zea mays L.)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 776-780 (2022). Technical Agricultural College Northn Technical University, Iraq *(e-mail: monnem1954@gmail.com) ABSTRACT To determine the effect of plant density and foliar spraying of zinc on vegetative growth of corn (Zea mays L.) variety (Research 106), a field experiment was carried out in a field at Diyala Governorate in the autumn season 2019. The experiment was designed according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and nine treatments which were: three plant densities (88888, 44444 and 26666 plants/ha) and three concentrations of zinc (0, 25 and 50) mg/l as zinc sulfate 35% Zn. The results showed the superiority of high plant density in plant height and number of leaves, which reached to 204.25 cm and 16.01 leaves, respectively, while the plant density of 444444 plants/ha superior in leaf area and total chlorophyll content (54.21 dcm2 and 49.56 SPAD), respectively. Also results showed that spraying zinc at (50 mg/l) increased significantly the stem diameter, leaf area and chlorophyll content (31.46 mm, 51.22 dcm2 and 47.38 SPAD), respectively, while spraying zinc at 25 mg/l increased significantly plant height and number of leaves. The results also showed that the interaction between plant density and Zn spraying had a significant effect, especially the treatment of Zn 50 mg/l with D2 in most study parameters compared to other interaction treatments. 10. M. Dhanalakshmi*, S. Meena, P. Janaki, S. Karthikeyan1 and L. Nalina [Effect of addition of biopolymer coated DAP on phosphorus release kinetics over an incubation time]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 781-786 (2022). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: dhanamuns@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) use efficiency is very low (5 to 25%) due to fixation with Ca+2/Mg+2 in alkaline/calcareous soils and Fe2+/Al3+ in acid soils, reduces the availability of phosphorus in soil. Among the various approaches used to enhance PUE, polymer coated fertilizers are relatively a new concept. Therefore, to alleviate the effects of low use efficiency of inorganic fertilizers and its losses in soil, the incubation study was conducted during 2020 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University to check the slow-release behaviour of coated DAP fertilizer using biopolymers like chitosan and sodium alginate. The incubation experiment was made with six different coatings of biopolymers and uncoated DAP for studying the release behaviour of P from coated fertilizers. Randomized block design was followed with seven treatments in triplicate and sampling was taken at the intervals of 2nd hour, 4th hour, 120th hour, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days of incubation. A study on slow-release property of coated fertilizers indicated that the treatment combination of both chitosan and sodium alginate (C5A5 – CSACDAP) coated DAP performed well by releasing the P from coated fertilizer was achieved till 35th day of incubation followed by the combination of both chitosan and sodium alginate (C4A4 – CSACDAP). This study indicated that the combination of both the polymers forms a strong polyion complex and tends to give the P release for a longer period than the individual coatings of both polymers on the DAP granule. 11. AGUSALIM MASULILI*, SUTIKARINI, RINI SURYANI, IDA AYU SUCI, ISMAIL ASTAR, HARDI DOMINIKUS BANCIN AND PAIMAN [Role of biochar amendments in improving the properties of acid sulphate soil]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 787-794 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Panca Bhakti University, Pontianak 78113, West Kalimantan, Indonesia *(e-mail: agusalim@upb.ac.id) ABSTRACT Acid sulfate soils have potential for agricultural development. However, this soil has various properties problems that can inhibit plant growth. One way to improve soil properties is through the application of biochar amendments. The study aimed at knowing the role of rice husk biochar combined with amendments to Chromolaena odorata, rice straw, and rice husk ash to improve the properties of acid sulphate soil. The study was conducted in a greenhouse and arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Biochar amendments consisted of nine kinds, namely, without amendments (control), C. odorata (10 t/ha), rice straw (10 t/ha), rice husk biochar (10 t/ha), rice husk ash (10 t/ha), C. odorata (10 t/ha)+rice husk biochar (5 t/ha), rice straw (10 t/ha)+rice husk biochar (5 t/ha), C. odorata (10 t/ha)+rice husk ash (5 t/ha), and rice straw (10 t/ha)+rice husk ash (5 t/ha). The results showed that the amendment of rice husk biochar combined with amendments to C. odorata and rice straw, respectively, had a good effect on improving soil physical properties, namely, total soil pores, reducing soil content weight and soil strength. Its effect on soil chemical properties was that it could increase pH, C-organic, P-available, cation exchange capacity (CEC), lower Al-dd and Fe soluble. The research findings showed that applying biochar and organic amendments to Chromolaena odorata and rice straw could potentially improve the properties of acid sulphate soil. In future research, we recommend increasing the carrying capacity of acid sulphate soil against plant growth, and it can be done by improving soil properties through the organic amendments’ application of C. odorata or straw enriched with rice husk biochar. 12. SAGI SOLTANBEKOV, SVETLANA DOLGIKH, MOLDIR ZHUMAGULOVA, AIGUL MADENOVA*, ZHANNA ISINA AND BALNUR KABYLBEKOVA [Physiological and phyto-pathological assessment scion-rootstock combinations for apple cv. Aport and M. sieversii]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 795-800 (2022). Laboratory of Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops Kazakh Fruit and Vegetables Research Institute, 050060 Gagarin ave., 2385, Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: madenova.a@mail.ru) ABSTRACT Rootstocks play an important role in the life of fruit crops. The full realization of the potential of the variety depends on them, such as physiological capabilities, drought resistance, winter hardiness, productivity, durability and fruiting rate. To determine the best scion-rootstock combinations physiological and phyto-pathological assessment scion-rootstock combinations for apple cv. ‘Aport’ and M. sieversii were studied. The experiment was carried out from February 2019 to July 2022 in the experimental orchard of Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute. In the experimental garden (2015 y. planted) the physiological studies of the water homeostasis, adaptive potential, ecological status, and coefficient stress were carried out in dynamics. High adaptive homeostatic coefficients and a good ecological state were observed in forms No. 1, 8, 11 and No. 9 throughout the growing season. The robustness of these forms was on an average 38% higher than that of the No. 2, 3, 4 and No. 7. The maximum fetal weight was 270 g. According to biochemical analysis, forms No. 2, 11 and No. 9 differed in the amount of vitamin C and total sugar. Scab and powdery mildew are common ‘Aport’ diseases. Forms No. 11, 2, 10 are the most resistant rootstock-scion combinations. To conclude, No. 8, 9 and No. 11 were considered as highly adaptive, productive, rapid fruiting and resistant to biotic and abiotic factors, free-subsurface factors. These varieties were collected from the Reserves of State National Parks of Kazakhstan. 13. VR. MAGESHEN*, P. SANTHY, S. MEENA, MR. LATHA, A. SENTHIL, T. SARASWATHI AND P. JANAKI [Residual effect of biofortified iodine in soil, plant, crop yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 801-807 (2022). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vadavalli, Coimbatore-641 0033, India *(e-mail: mageshsmart2@gmail.com) ABSTRACT When iodine levels in the soil are inadequate, resulting in limited crop uptake and as a result, a population with insufficient iodine intake. Iodine deficiency can be avoided by biofortifying commonly consumed crops with iodine. Tomato is the best crop for biofortification study as it has the capacity to store excess iodine in phloem. The field experiment was carried out in Thondamuthur block of Viraliyur village at Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu in 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biofortication of iodine in residual tomato growth, yield, quality and iodine content. Potassium iodate and Chitosan were applied in the form of soil, foliar and Chitosan iodate complex at different stages of plant growth. The results revealed that the soil fertilization of potassium iodate alone resulted in lower uptake of residual iodine in fruits because the iodine was susceptible to high volatilization and less phyto-availability. While foliar spray alone increased the residual iodine content in roots and stem. However, residual higher iodine accumulation in the tomato fruits was achieved through the combination of foliar and iodine Chitosan forms. As electrostatic interaction between Chitosan and iodate prevents volatilization and gradually increases the bioavailability of iodine from soil to fruits. Based on the discussion, biofortification of iodine through potassium iodate Chitosan complex paved the way for the improvement of growth, yield, quality and iodine content in fruits. Hence, biofortification of iodine through iodate Chitosan complex increased the iodine content in tomato fruit and introducing it in our daily diet may be helpful to reduce iodine deficiency disorder. 14. ARDIYANTA*, CICILIA TRI KUSUMASTUTI, OKTI PURWANINGSIH AND PAIMAN [Profitable eco-friendly tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) farming through the use of eco-enzymes in Indonesia]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 808-814 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55182, Indonesia *(e-mail: ir.ardiyanta@upy.ac.id) ABSTRACT Although there is a high demand for tomatoes, supply has not kept up with this demand in Indonesia. Using chemical fertilizers to increase output harms the soil’s chemical composition, creating risks for the ecosystem. The use of eco-enzyme, an organic fertilizer, is one substitution option. This study aimed to determine the profitability of tomato farming through the use of eco-enzymes. This study was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications (replication as a block). The eco-enzyme dosages consisted of three-levels: 0, 150, and 300 L/ha. Each replication consisted of 6 plants per sample plot. The area of the sample plot was 1.5 m2. The total cost (TC) and total revenue (TR) were calculated based on all costs and revenues in the sample plot area and then converted to the area per ha. The results showed that using eco-enzyme dosages of 150 and 300 L/ha can increase profits by U$ 114.18/ha (5.3%) and U$ 288.10/ha (13.4%) compared to 0 L/ha (control), respectively. Tomato farming with eco-enzyme doses of 150 and 300 L/ha or control obtained a TR/TC ratio of 2.1. Its means that tomato farming was feasible because TR/TC > 1. The research findings show that using eco-enzymes at dosages of 150 and 300 L/ha can increase the profitability of tomato farming. The future research, we suggest that using eco-enzymes at a dosage higher than 300 L/ha can be applied for profitability in tomato farming. 15. MUHAMMAD ANSAR*, BAHRUDIN1, MAEMUNAH AND PAIMAN [Effect of harvest age and storage duration on viability and vigor of shallot (Allium cepa L.) tubers]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 815-821 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Tadulako, Palu 94118, Center Sulawesi, Indonesia *(e-mail: ansharpasigai@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Shallot is one of the tuber crops used in human life worldwide. Lembah Palu variety of shallot (LPVS) is the best raw material for the fried shallot industry. The main problem is that tubers have no standard harvest age and storage duration to support these plants’ germination and early growth. Therefore, shallots’ growth and productivity are influenced by tubers’ viability and vigor. This study aimed to investigate the harvest age and storage duration to give the best viability and vigor of shallot tubers. This research was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial and three replications. The first factor was the harvest age of shallots, which consisted of four levels: 60, 65, 70, and 75 days after planting (DAP). The second factor was the storage duration of tubers, which consisted of four levels: 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after harvest (DAH). The harvesting age of 60-65 DAP significantly affected the parameter of germination power, tuber weight loss, and seedling dry weight. Likewise, the storage duration significantly affected the parameter of germination time, germination rate, tuber weight loss, and seedling dry weight. These research findings show that the harvest age of 60-65 DAP and the storage duration of 30 DAH give the best viability and vigor of shallot tuber. Therefore, we suggest that it is necessary to pay attention to tubers’ harvest age and storage duration to find their maximal growth and yield of shallots. 16. L. S. Shestakov* and J. A. Lovtsova [First recording of vibration signals caterpillars Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) in potato tubers]. Res. Crop. 23 (4) : 822-826 (2022). Institute for Information Transmission Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051 Russia *(e-mail: zicrona@yandex.ru; julialov@inbox.ru) ABSTRACT The vibrations caused by the caterpillars of Tecia solanivora were registered in potato tubers. Vibrations have a fairly high intensity, but it was not possible to identify patterns in the structure of the amplitude-time and frequency structure of the signals. Using the example of a model predator – Picromerus bidens, it was tested whether these signals could be an effective stimulus for entomophages. Vibrations can be used as an additional method for detecting caterpillars at an early stage of contamination. 17. T. H. D. TRAN AND D. H. TRAN* [Susceptibility of the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, cypermethrin and clothianidin]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 827-831 (2022). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn) ABSTRACT The vegetable leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) is a serious insect pest on vegetable and ornamental crops in the whole of Vietnam. It was controlled by a wide range of conventional insecticides. Since there is a limited recommendation on insecticide application, growers continue to use whatever is available. This study was carried out at Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam during 2021-22 to determine the susceptibility of larval and adult stages of L. sativae to four insecticides (e.g., lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, cypermethrin and clothianidin) currently used for the management of the leaf miner. Among four tested insecticides, abamectin was highly effective on larvae and moderately effective on adults of L. satiave. Lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin were moderately effective on either larvae and adults of the leaf miner. Clothianidin was least effective against the leaf miner. These results suggest that abamectin, lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin can be rotationally used for the management of L. sativae. 18. Alexey Pachkin, Oksana Kremneva*, Mariya Ivanisova, Yaroslav Ermakov, Daniil Leptyagin and Ksenia Gasiyan [Assessment of insect biodiversity on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) using LED traps]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 832-839 (2022). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection»,p/o 39, Krasnodar 350039, Russia *(e-mail: kremenoks@mail.ru) ABSTRACT Recently, there has been interest from the scientific community and agricultural producers in finding means of attracting insects using LED-based light traps. The purpose of these studies is to assess the biodiversity of tomato agrocenoses in open and protected ground, to identify the most massive taxa present in agrocenoses using light traps. The studies were carried out in the period from 15 July to 21 July 2021 on tomato in the experimental production plots of the tomato farmer Erokhin E.A. and in the greenhouses of the farmer Tyrtychny S. A. (the village of Strelka, Temryuk district) in the northwestern zone Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation. Studies carried out using light traps designed by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection» (FRCBPP) made it possible to identify the species diversity of arthropods in tomato agrocenosis, to obtain the dynamics of the number of harmful, beneficial and indifferent entomofauna. Representatives of the following orders dominated in number on the open ground: Coleoptera (68–82%), Hemiptera (15–26%) and Diptera (2–6%), while in the greenhouse there were Lepidoptera (39–61%), Diptera (10 –18%) and Coleoptera (10–40%). Representatives of the Lepidoptera families – Cossidae, Noctuidae, Pyraustidae and Crambidae, and the Coleoptera families – Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Coccinellidae, Dytiscidae, Elateridae, Geotrupidae, Heteroceridae, Hydrophylidae, Scarabaeidae were attracted in open ground as well as in the greenhouse. 19. GULNUR SULEIMANOVA*, BAUYRZHAN KALIBAYEV, NAGIMA TUMENBAYEVA AND ZAGIPA SAPAKHOVA [Resistance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties to fungal diseases and their productivity in the South-East of Kazakhstan]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 840-848 (2022). Kazakh National Agrarian Research University Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: gulnura-2007@mail.ru) ABSTRACT In Kazakhstan, fungal diseases root rot and Ascochyta strongly affect the growth and yield of peas. Traditional breeding practices have resulted in improved resistance to these diseases in adapted varieties and lines, which is the main way to minimize yield losses. The global problem for breeders is to identify genes for disease resistance and use them in breeding programs. At the moment, promising, highly resistant to fungal diseases have been identified. In this work, modern methods of experiment, observation and accounting, selection and preparation of land plots, laying and experimenting with physiological and biological parameters of pea samples were used. Monitoring was carried out to determine the phytopathological and immunological evaluation of 59 varieties and lines of peas to fungal diseases was carried out. As a result of the analysis, 16 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 32 resistant (R) and 11 moderately resistant (MR) to Ascochyta in the natural background of the disease. At the same time, 21 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 26 resistant (R), 5 moderately resistant (MR), 6 moderately susceptible (MS) and 1 susceptible (S) to root rot on a natural background. On an artificial infectious background, the result showed that 9 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 43 resistant (R), and 7 moderately resistant to Ascochyta. And 19 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 33 resistant (R), 3 moderately resistant (MR), 2 moderately susceptible (MS) and 2 susceptible (S) to root rot. As a result of phenological analysis, in most pea samples, ascochitosis disease and root rot were pronounced, but with the least damage. The vegetation period was 112 days in 2021, and up to 93 days in 2022. According to the analysis indicators, all pea samples are very useful for identifying donors and can be included in breeding programs for hybridization to create new productive and resistant varieties. 20. K. G. MALEKA, P. W. MASHELA* AND K. M. POFU [Response of sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) to interactive effects of soil drenched triterpenoid phytonematicides in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 849-854 (2022). Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za) ABSTRACT Triterpenoid phytonematicides, namely, Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric-BL and Mordica, when drench-applied each consistently suppressed root-knot nematode population densities, with limited information on whether the products could induce any systemic effects that would suppress sugarcane aphid population densities and reproductive potential. The objective of the study was therefore to determine the interactive effects of soil-drenched triterpenoid phytonematicides on aphid population densities and their reproductive factors. A 2× 2× 2 factorial experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with six replications during 2020-21 and 2021-22 growing seasons in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Each sweet sorghum seedling was infested with 5 adult M. sacchari, with appropriate treatment combinations drench-applied weekly. At 150 days after infestation, treatments had highly significant effects on aphid population densities and reproductive factors. Relative to untreated control, the second order interaction and the three first order interactions reduced aphid population densities by 92, 75, 79 and 80%, respectively. In conclusion, soil-drenched triterpenoid phytonematicides induced systemic effects in sweet sorghum, which significantly suppressed population densities of M. sacchari. 21. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Scutellonema brachyurus (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) associated with tomato using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 855-857 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za) ABSTRACT Plant parasitic nematodes are the main nematodes that live in the soil causing yield loss in various crops. Scutellonema species is ectoparasite and therefore can feed on the roots of tomatoes resulting in less production. This species must be identified correctly because it is a plant-parasitic and the tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in Limpopo Province in South Africa. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2022 at Limpopo University to identify the nematode from South Africa’s soils using 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the chelex method. The nematode was identified as Scutellonema brachyurus. Afterwards, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode at the molecular level. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed South African S. brachuyurus had 99 % similarity (MW504476; MW504474; JX472047; JX472045) with South Africa, and USA populations, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as S. brachyurus in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 28S rDNA however, the use of other rDNA markers such as ITS rDNA and mtDNA for a better understanding of Scutellonema phylogeny is recommended. 22. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of Enterobcater using 16S rDNA isolated from tomato, Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 858-861 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za) ABSTRACT Enterobacter species are gram negative, motile, non-spore forming, rod shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is also described as non-spore-forming, flagella-containing, urease positive, and lactose fermenting. Enterobacter includes several species which can be a risky pathogenic bacteria to the vegetables, including tomato, and therefore have an impact on the fresh production of tomato. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Enterobacter from a tomato field, in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2022 at the Limpopo University to identify the bacterium associated with tomato filed from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the chelex method. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter. The Nblast analysis showed South African Enterobacter has 97% similarity with a population from Korea (KC355340). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Enterobacter in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers for a better understanding of Enterobacter phylogeny is recommended. 23. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Mononchus species (Nematoda: Mononchida) associated with tomato using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 862-865 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za) ABSTRACT Predatory nematodes are the main nematodes that live in the soil assisting with the biological control of the plant parasitic nematodes associated with various crops. Mononchus species is a predatory nematode and therefore can feed on the other nematodes that exist in the soil. This species is important due to its critical role in the biocontrol strategy and therefore must be identified correctly. The soil samples were collected from a tomato field in Limpopo Province in South Africa. This molecular study was conducted in 2022 at Limpopo University to identify the nematode species from South Africa’s soils using 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the chelex method. The nematode was identified as Mononchus sp. Afterwards, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode at the molecular level. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed South African Mononchus sp. had 99 % similarity (KY750781) with a Mexican population. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Mononchus in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this is the first 28S rDNA of a Mononchus from South Africa. Additionally, though this species was identified using 28S rDNA however, the use of other rDNA markers such as ITS rDNA and 18S rDNA for a better understanding of Mononchus phylogeny is recommended. 24. K. H. LE AND D. H. TRAN* [Biology of Brachymeria kamijoi Habu (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal parasitoid of the coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 866-869 (2022). 1Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn) ABSTRACT The coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) has been one of the most serious defoliators of coconut plants in Vietnam. Brachymeria kamijoi Habu (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is a pupal parasitoid of O. arenosella with high percent parasitism and abundance in the coconut fields and appears to be a good biological control agent against the coconut black-headed caterpillar in Vietnam. This study was carried out at Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Vietnam during 2020 – 2021 to determine some biological characteristics of B. kamijoi on O. arenosella at a constant temperature of 28 oC and a photoperiod of 12L: 8D. Total developmental time from egg to adult emergence was 13.8 days. The females laid a mean of 98.1 eggs during an average lifespan of 30.7 days. Fecundity peaked at a large range of age 7-29 days. The results would contribute to the knowledge of the biology of B. kamijoi to optimize a mass-rearing system for a biological control programme against O. arenosella. 25. GAVIN GELDENHUYS* [Comparison of two methods for DNA extraction from Avocado (Persea americana)]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 870-873 (2022). 1Aquaculture Research Unit School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo Turfloop Campus, Private Bag X1106, Soveng a, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za) ABSTRACT Avocado fruit contains a substantial amount of triglycerides (TGs) along with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. It is also rich in many other bioactive phytochemicals such as carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols, aliphatic alcohols, and hydrocarbons. This study was conducted during 2021 at the genetic lab, University of Limpopo, South Africa to compare two different extraction DNA methods from avocado. The DNA from the avocado was extracted using Chelex “method 1” (overnight incubation at 56°C) and “method 2” (Ten-minute incubation at 95°C) from the fresh leaves of the avocado. The quantitative and qualitative parameters were measured using a spectrophotometer. PCR reaction with primers for 28S were used on all samples to confirm and evaluate the extracted DNA. The results showed that the highest quality of extracted DNA was in “method 2” (1.54-1.68). The quantitative and qualitative tests for PCR reaction showed that the DNA extracted using “method 2” had better quality of DNA than “method 1”. In conclusion, both methods worked, but method two showed better results. 26. MST. ROKEYA KHATUN1* AND HISASHI KATO-NOGUCHI [Piper longum L. leaf extracts, a candidate allelopathic plant that suppressed the growth of six test plants, could be a source of potent phytotoxic compounds]. Res. Crop. 23 (4) : 874-880 (2022). 1Department of Applied Biological Science Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan *(e-mail: rokeya.entom@bau.edu.bd) ABSTRACT Using allelopathic plants, particularly those with growth inhibitory action, has gained significant consideration worldwide because such plants do not have detrimental effects on the environment. Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) is a medicinal plant that has already been documented for its diverse ethnomedicinal uses but not for its phytotoxic action. Therefore, aqueous methanol extracts of P. longum were evaluated for their allelopathic activity at plant biochemistry laboratory, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan. The allelopathic efficacy of different concentrations of P. longum leaf extract was investigated against six plant species (alfalfa, cress, lettuce, Italian ryegrass, barnyard grass, and foxtail fescue), and their growth was recorded after 48 h of treatment. The results showed significant inhibition of seedling growth at 0.03 g dry weight (DW) equivalent P. longum extract, and this inhibition was further increased with increasing extract concentration. The maximum inhibitory effect was noted at 0.3 g DW equivalent P. longum extract per mL. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition of shoot and root growth were 0.003–0.070 and 0.003–0.028 g DW equivalent P. longum leaf extract per mL, respectively. The shoot growth of cress, alfalfa, and lettuce, and the root growth of cress, foxtail fescue, and alfalfa were inhibited the most by the P. longum extracts. Thus, these results indicate the potent allelopathic activity of P. longum, which also implies the presence of allelopathic compounds in the P. longum leaf extract. 27. Nguyen Phuoc Minh*[Functional properties of wheat-based bread affected by pumpkin flour and jackfruit seed flour incorporation]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 881-887 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail: nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn) ABSTRACT Pumpkin is a rich source of beta-carotenoid, a valuable pro-vitamin A known for maintenance of eye vision. Meanwhile jackfruit seed is also rich in carbohydrate however it is considered as waste product and normally discarded during jackfruit processing. The purpose of this research work was to utilize the valuable pumpkin flour as well as the cheap carbohydrate source from jackfruit seed flour in partial replacement with wheat flour to develop bread. The different blending formulations with 100% wheat flour, 90:5:5 (wheat :pumpkin :jackfruit seed flour), 80:10:10 (wheat :pumpkin :jackfruit seed flour), 70:15:15 (wheat :pumpkin :jackfruit seed flour) and 60:20:20 (wheat :pumpkin :jackfruit seed flour) were tested and their effect on the functional properties (moisture uptake ability, bulk density, bloating ratio, loaf climax, loaf dimension and hardness) of bread was investigated. Results showed that increasing the pumpkin flour and jackfruit seed flour incorporation in wheat flour increased the hardness but reduced the moisture uptake ability, bulk density, bloating ratio, loaf climax, and loaf dimension of bread. There was no significant difference between the control bread prepared using 100 % wheat flour in respect of functional properties. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that 5% pumpkin flour and 5% jackfruit seed flour could be successfully supplemented in 90% wheat flour for bread making, while maintaining the the functional properties close to 100% wheat-based bread. Findings of this research facilitated the incorporation of the underutilized and valuable flour-based sources like pumpkin and jackfruit seed in bread making. 28. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Production of effervescent tablet from jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit]. Res. Crop. 23 (4) : 888-895 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail: nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn) ABSTRACT Jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit contained numerous phytochemical and bioactive constituents beneficial for human health. However, this underutilized fruit was highly susceptible to quality degradation after harvesting. Due to the seasonality and perishability of the jambolan fruit, it’s very necessary to convert this valuable fruit into instant, stable and convenient form for long-term consumption. This research was conducted at STNanotech laboratory in 2021 to evaluate the exploitation of jambolan fruit for juice extraction, spray drying and effervescent tablet production. Different variables of spray drying conditions such as proportion of wall material (maltodextrin 8-16%), inlet/outlet drying temperature (150/80, 160/85, 170/90, 180/95, 190/100 oC/oC), feed flow rate (7.5-17.5 ml/min) were deeply investigated on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of spray-dried jambolan powder (SDJP). In preparation of effervescent tablet, the spray-dried jambolan powder (SDJP) was mixed with sodium bicarbonate (SB) and magnesium stearate (MS) in five different formulas: F1 (65/10/25), F2 (65/5/30), F3 (70/10/20), F4 (65/15/20), F5 (70/15/15). Results showed that jambolan extract should be spray-dried with maltodextrin 14% as wall material (WM), inlet/outlet drying temperature 170/90 oC/oC, feed flow rate (FFR) 12.5 ml/min to obtain the optimal particle size 7.94±0.05 µm, solubility 96.80±0.02%, yield 56.71±0.01%, microencapsulation efficiency (ME) 93.25±0.05%, total phenolic content (TPC) 298.45±0.79 mg GAE/100 g, anthocyanin content (AC) 76.59±0.06 mg/100 g, and antioxidant activity (AA) 85.63±0.04%. The jambolan effervescent tablet produced by formula F2 (65/5/30) achieved the optimal hardness 47.24±0.05 N, disintegration time (DT) 271.05±2.03 s, TPC 201.03±1.28 mg GAE/100 g, AC 40.89±0.30 mg/100 g, AA 73.12±0.24% and overall acceptance (OA) 8.81±0.05. Jambolan fruit could be utilized to produce spray-dried powder and its effervescent tablet as a versatile functional food with excellent physicochemical, antioxidant and sensorial characteristics under safe and convenient way for all year round. 29. DINKAR J. GAIKWAD, NITIN B. UBALE, APURBA PAL, SHWETA SINGH, MOHAMMED ANWAR ALI AND SAGAR MAITRA* [Abiotic stresses impact on major cereals and adaptation options – A review]. Res. Crop. 23 (4): 896-915 (2022). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail : sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in) ABSTRACT The production of major field crops, namely, rice, wheat, and maize, is highly vulnerable to climatic factors and abiotic stresses. In the present era of climate change, abiotic factors emerged as limiting concerns for flourishing the growth and yield. Among the abiotic factors, temperature, soil moisture, salinity, elevated carbon dioxide levels and solar radiation are the prime concerns for affecting the productivity of major cereals. To combat with the situation, it is necessary to understand the adverse impacts of the abiotic factors on crops with special reference to major cereals. However, adaptation potions are much more important to ensure the agricultural sustainability of major cereals. The available literature reviewed suggested some adaptation options for major cereals to combat the ill effects of abiotic stresses which include the change in variety and crop, manipulation in sowing or transplanting time, adoption of proper nutrient and water management, water conservation measures, adoption of the appropriate crop establishment methods and suitable cropping system. Further, the review article has made some recommendations and future perspectives highlighting the scope of further research for a climate-resilient production of foods for the future considering the adverse effects of the climate change. *******************************