Volume 22, No. 3 (September, 2021)
1. Jenal Mutakin, Denny Kurniadie, Dedi Widayat, Yuyun Yuwariah and Yayan Sumekar* [Weed diversity in rice (Oryza sativa) fields with different cultivation technologies in Garut Regency, Indonesia]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 459-465 (2021). Faculty of Agriculture Padjadjaran Univercity, Bandung, Indonesia *(e-mail : yayan.sumekar@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The presence of weeds in lowland rice cultivation will result in reduced growth and yield of rice plants, so the presence of weeds in cultivated crops must be controlled. Weed control applied to lowland rice cultivation will run effectively and efficiently after knowing the diversity of dominant weeds present in lowland rice cultivation. This study was conducted during 2017-18 at Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia to determine the diversity of weeds in lowland rice cultivation, both on conventional and SRI technology. The research was conducted on rice fields owned by farmers in four sub-districts in Garut Regency. The method used in this research is non-experimental through the survey method. Sampling was carried out on paddy fields using conventional planting system technology and SRI, each of 42 plots with a quadrant of 0.5 m x 0.5 m spread over four districts. The results showed that the types of weeds found in the conventional system were 20 types of weeds with the dominant weed Ludwigia hyssopifolia, in the SRI system there were 17 types of weeds with the dominant weed of Echinocloa crus-galli. The value of the diversity index (diversity) of weed species found in lowland rice cultivation in the Garut Regency area both in the conventional system and the SRI system is classified as moderate. The distribution pattern of all types of spatial weeds in lowland rice cultivation in the Garut Regency area, both in the conventional system and the SRI system, is included in the group distribution pattern.
2. R. Durai Singh, Syed Abul Hassan Hussainy*, V. K. paulpandi, R. Raveena, R. Ariraman and M. P. Mohankumar [Optimizing duck (Anas platyrhynchos) release for weed and insect pest control under integrated rice (Oryza sativa) based farming system]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 466-469 (2021). Department of Agronomy Agricultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625 104, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : thesvedhussainv@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Rearing of ducks in rice-based farming system has multiple advantages which is not exploited due to misconception that ducks damage rice crop. This study was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2021 to evaluate duck release as an alternative for non-chemical weed and pest management in rice. Ducks were released in pairs of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in an area of 10 m2 for 3 hours of stable time and were evaluated for weed density, insect counts and for reduction in beneficial insect in paddy fields. Results highlighted a definite decrease in weed and insect counts over control with weed control efficiency as high as 85.5% and insect pest control efficiency of 74.50% over control while decreased the beneficiary insect population by two-fold. Based on the results, it could be concluded that, ducks released @ 8 nos. for 10 m2 for a duration of 3 h were sufficient to effectively control the weed and insect pest population during 30-40 days after transplanting in rice. Further examination is required in quantifying the optimum duck release per hectare and in situ feed available under rice + duck combination to ensure sustainable and profitable farming system.
3. D. I. Ivanov*, N. N. Ivanova, V. I. Kargin and V. E. Kamalihin [The influence of the cultivar and foliar treatment with micronutrient preparations on the yield, economics and energy efficiency of grain production of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 470-477 (2021). Ogarev State Mordovia University 68 Bolshevistskaya str., Saransk, 430005, Russia *(e-mail : ivanov@mail.ru ; dm.a.ivanov@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Spring soft wheat is an important food crop, which requires good mineral nutrition, including microelements. The present investigation was conducted during 2019 at the Mordovian Research Institute of Agriculture, Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the North-East (Russia). Earlier, on leached chernozems of the Republic of Mordovia, conflicting data had been obtained on the effectiveness of complex micronutrient preparations in grain crops. There are interesting reasons for the low effectiveness of individual drugs, given their large market share and the presence of positive reviews from some scientists. The work is devoted to the study of productivity and economic and energy efficiency of spring wheat cultivation on leached chernozem, depending on the variety and separate and joint use of micronutrient preparations of manganese, copper, molybdenum, and Ultramag combi. The novelty of the study is that concerning the conditions of the Republic of Mordovia, the most effective combination of microelements when combined as a fertilizer-stimulating agent in foliar feeding was substantiated. The varietal response to the preparations used has been studied. Paired and triple mixtures of trace elements of manganese, copper, and molybdenum were studied in comparison with the complex fertilizer Ultramag combi. We used sulfate salts of copper and manganese, as well as ammonium molybdate, chelated with Na2EDTA in a molar ratio of 1:1. It was found that the best productivity parameters were formed in the Yoldyz spring wheat variety. An optimal combination of microelements has been established that has a positive effect on the efficiency of spring wheat seed grain production. The best parameters of yield and production efficiency of spring wheat varieties Tulaykovskaya 10 and Tulaykovskaya 108 were formed with the foliar treatment of crops with a paired mixture of copper and molybdenum against a background of nitrogen, and the best parameters of Yoldyz variety were formed after treatment with manganese and copper, as well as manganese and molybdenum against a background of nitrogen. Foliar treatment with a multicomponent preparation Ultramag combi, as well as with separately applied nitrogen in the amide form, was less effective.
4. Lazukin A. V., Gundareva S. V.*, Grabelnyh O. I., Saidova L. T., Dorofeev N. V., Romanov G. A. and Krivov S. A. [Effect of pre-sowing ozone treatment on low temperature tolerance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 478-482 (2021). High Voltage Engineering and Electrical Physics Department of National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute 111250 14 Krasnokazarmennaya st., Moscow, Russian Federation *(e-mail : gundareva-sv@rambler.ru)
ABSTRACT
Joint application of seedling cold hardening and seed ozonation to spring wheat was studied. This experiment was conducted during 2018-19 at National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow, Russia to study the effect of ozonation on the biometric parameters and freezing tolerance of two-stage cold hardened spring wheat seedlings. Ozone concentrations in weak humid air flow of 4 and 8 g/m3 and seed exposure time of 15, 30 and 60 minutes in comparison with tebuconazole and difenoconazole fungicide treatment were considered. At fungicide treatment, an inhibitory effect on the seedling biometric parameters was observed. Ozone seed treatment also caused the spring wheat seedling biometric parameters response. At a concentration of 4 g/m3 , length of the shoots and root system were stimulated while at a concentration of 8 g/m3 an inhibitory effect of ozone on them was observed. No difference was observed between treated samples (with ozone or fungicide) and control samples in determining the relative freezing tolerance of seedlings cold hardened at low temperatures from -7 to -14°C.
5. Huda M. Abd-AlRazik Abusief*, Anas ALhaddad, Tarek A. Mukassabi, Mussa O. ALAwami and Hamza Omar Attit-Allah Al-Arifi [Land equivalent coefficient of intercropped varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with pea (Pisum sativum) in two sites of Qandulah and Al-Baidain, Libya]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 483-491 (2021). Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Omar Al-Mukhtar University. Libya *(e-mail :huda.abusaief@omu.edu.ly)
ABSTRACT
Cereal-legume intercrop can play a critical role in improving food production worldwide, e.g., the production of wheat varieties can be improved significantly through increase in the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), when intercropped with pea. This study was conducted in two sites, namely Qandulah andAl-Baida in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar in Libya, during the growing season of 2017-18 to investigate the effect of intercropping wheat and pea on the production of three varieties of wheat and to study the land equivalent coefficient of this strategy. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks arrangement with three replicates, forsole wheat, sole pea and intercropped wheat-pea 50:50, using wheat varieties TR, TUS and SER1 and pea variety PSI100. Our technique shows an increase in grain yield for wheat variety SER1 by 1.90 t/ha, while for wheat variety TUS it produced a grain yield of 1.57 t/ha relative to sole. The highest grain yield obtained when intercropping pea with wheat variety TUS, which was 0.73 t/ha in Qandulah, whereas an increase in grain yield by 85.26% was achieved in Qandulah compared to Al-Baida. The low productivity of wheat and pea was observed in Al-Baida that was mainly due to low N content, high levels of sodium and potassium, as well as high content of iron and phosphorus with high soil oxides. Seed yield of sole pea gave 0.61 t/ha compared to the intercrop that gave 0.12 t/ha in Qandulah.The important results of this study indicated that higher Land LER was achieved with wheat variety SER1 of 2.280 and with wheat variety TUS of 0.531 when intercropping wheat-pea by 50:50 ratio in Al-Baida.
6. J. M. Patel, R. D. Vekariya*, S. K. Patel, C. R. Patel, A. V. Malviya and S. M. Chaudhary [Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes using drought susceptible and tolerance efficiency indices under irrigated and drought stress environment]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 492-500 (2021). Main wheat research station SD Agricultural University, Vijapur-384570, Gujarat, India *(e-mail : rajesh@nau.in)
ABSTRACT
Drought stress is one of the foremost severe abiotic stresses responsible for drastic reduction in wheat production under arid and semi-arid environments. Breeding for drought tolerance is very confounded by an inability to create defined, precise and repeatable stress conditions and inadequacy of an efficient, reproducible screening technique. Therefore, the present investigation was laid out to screening of twenty advance wheat lines for drought stress in RBD with two replications under Irrigated) and drought conditions during rabi, 2019-20 at Wheat Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Vijapur, India. Phenotyping was performed for 11 morphological and four physiological traits distinctively. The analysis of variance revealed that component of variance for genotypes was significant for all traits, revealed the presence of enough genetic variability in the material under studied. Based on per se performance revealed that genotypes GW 511, VL 967, GW 11 and GW 512 produced higher grain yield compared to other genotypes in both irrigated and drought conditions. Genotype DBW-154 followed by GW-510 and GW-506 recorded lowest value of drought susceptible index (DSI) and highest value of drought tolerance efficiency (DTE), indicating potentiality to produce with minor yield losses under drought conditions in comparison to normal conditions. Grain yield and its related traits viz., grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain weight per spike exhibited moderate to high heritability and expected genetic advance as percent of mean under both stress and non stress condition and these traits could be considered as suitable selection criteria for the development of high yielding bread wheat varieties. Under irrigated condition grain yield showed strong positive association with tillers, 1000 grain weight and biomass yield, similarly in drought condition biomass yield showed strong correlation with grain yield, followed by NDVI II, grain weight/spike, 1000 grain weight, tillers and grains/spike. Under stress CT-II was negatively correlated with GW/SPK (-0.631), biomass yield (-0.611), grain yield (-0.423) and 1000 grain weight (-0.345), indicating genotypes has canopy cooling ability to produced higher grain yield, biomass, TGW and GW/SPK under drought stress. So, these traits should be consideration while selection under drought stress and select the drought tolerance genotypes with superior performance, this can be potentially used in future for improvement of bread wheat yield and yield related traits against the drought.
7. T. A. BABAYTSEVA, E. N. POLTORYDYADKO, S. I. KOKONOV*, E. F. VAFINA, V. G. KOLESNIKOVA AND A. M. LENTOCHKIN [Phenotypic variability of seedling organs of winter triticale varieties and its relationship with economically valuable features]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 501-507 (2021). Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy Izhevsk, Russian Federation *(e-mail : nir@izhgsha.ru)
ABSTRACT
The degree of seedling organ development is recommended for predicting seed yield properties and selecting valuable forms for selection. However, most work has been done on spring crops. The research was conducted during 2018 to 2020 at the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, Russia with an objective to determine the nature and the strength of the relationship between the degree of seedling organ development of different varieties of winter triticale with economically valuable features for further use in selection and seed production work. The character of seed germination of 10 winter triticale varieties, which were subsequently sown under laboratory conditions on two mineral nutrition backgrounds: sowing without fertilizer, N30 fertilizer in spring; before sowing fertilizer N32P32K32, N30 fertilizer in spring, foliar N30 fertilizer in the earing phase. During the growing season winter hardiness, productive tillering, and ear weight were evaluated. The correlation analysis between the given parameters and parameters of seedlings (coleoptile length, sprout, and length and number of germinal roots) was carried out. As a result of studies, significant inter-varietal differences in parameters of winter triticale seedlings were established, which allowed them to be considered as varietal features. Fractional application of fertilizers provided better development of plants, winter hardiness increased on average by 0.3 points (NSR05 = 0.1 points), productive tillering by 0.2 units (NSR05 = 0.1 points), and ear weight by 0.15 g (NDS05 = 0.04 g). Tulus variety was the most responsive to fertilizer application. Sprout length and germinal root length can serve as an indirect indicator of winter hardiness since a direct average and strong correlation (r = 0.54…0.85) was established between these indicators in most varieties.
8. Mlombo N., Dube Z. P.*, Ganyani L., Nxumalo H., Mnyambo N. M. and Timana M. [Argemone ochroleuca extract suppression of germination and early growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 508-515 (2021). School of Agriculture, University of Mpumalanga Private Bag X11283, Mbombela, South Africa *(e-mail : zakheleni.dube@ump.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet, allelochemicals are reported to potentially suppress crop growth even though empirical evidence of this interaction is scant. This study was conducted during 2020 at the University of Mpumalanga_ to determine the effects of A. ochroleuca residues on common beans germination and early-growth under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Germination test, common bean seeds were exposed to eleven A. orchrolueca shoot and root extract concentration of 0 to 100 g/L, while eight powder levels of 0 to 14 g were used to test effects of the same plant parts on early-growth. Germination percentages (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination speed (GS), mean daily germination (MDG), plumule and radicle length were computed over 7-day period. As extract concentrations increased, GP, MGT, GS, MDG, plumule and radicle lengths decreased by 30-54, 41-55, 37-55, 35-46, 41-82 and 46-79%, respectively. Thirty-days after the first emergence, A. ochroleuca concentrations decreased plant height, stem diameter and dry shoot mass by 71, 75 and 75%, respectively. Shoot extracts were more suppressive to germination and early-growth of beans than root extracts. In conclusion, A. ochroleuca extracts had concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on germination and growth variables of A. ochroleuca, shoot extracts exhibiting higher allelopathic effects compared to root extracts.
9. Asiwe J. N. A.* and Maimela K. A. [Assessment of productivity variables of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties in cowpea-maize (Zea mays) strip intercropping in Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 516-525 (2021). University of Limpopo Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727 *(e-mail : joseph.asiwe@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Farmers’ traditional cropping practice in Limpopo Province is to mix and broadcast crops at planting without definite row arrangement. Although this practice is very easy and cost-saving, it is not productive because of its low plant density, hindrance to farm input application, low crop yields and poor return on investment. However, strip intercropping, where crops are planted with definite row arrangement, reduces inter-species competition, optimizes plant population, and increases crop yield. An experiment was conducted during cropping seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at University of Limpopo, South Africa using five cowpea varieties, TVu 13464, IT86D-1010, Glenda, IT82E-16 and IT87K-499-35, and maize to assess the performance of these crop mixtures under strip intercropping, monocropping, and mixed intercropping as a control. The experiment was laid using split-plot design with three replicates during two seasons (1st year and 2nd year). Agronomic variables such as date of maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant, grain and fodder yields were measured. Results indicate that significant interactions were obtained between the cowpea varieties and the cropping systems in most of the variables measured. Cowpea sown in the strip intercropping performed better as compared to those sown in mixed intercropping. Cowpea varieties IT86D-1010 during 1st year and IT87K-499-35 during 2nd year exhibited more grain yield under monocropping than under strip intercropping and mixed intercropping. The financial benefits (profit and benefit cost ratio) was highest in strip intercropping plots. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of strip intercropping during the two years ranged between 1.00 and 2.98 and was higher as compared to mixed intercropping, which ranged between 0 and 1.72. Therefore, strip intercropping is a more productive cropping system and is recommended as a cropping practice for farmers in the Limpopo Province.
10. massymzhan Beisenbayeva*, Ainur Seilkhan, Dossymbek Sydyk, Aigul Zhapparova, Sagynbai Kaldybayev, seitkhan azat and Zhandos Bassygarayev [Soybean productivity as influenced by irrigation regime and fertilizer rates in the South Kazakhstan conditions]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 526-535 (2021). Kazakh National Agrarian University Abai Avenue building No. 8, 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail : ainura_seilkhan@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Today, the need for grain is increasing every day due to the growing human population on the planet. At the same time, global climate change has a negative impact on grain production. The main grain-producing regions of Kazakhstan are also currently facing water shortages and soil fertility problems. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at LLC «South-west Research Institute of Livestock and Crop Production» (South Kazakhstan) to determine the actual dates, and the number of irrigation schemes, irrigation and orastitelnye standards in the different phases of growth and development of soybean plants under conditions dry and hot climate of the south part of Kazakhstan. Soybean crops under irrigation conditions in the south of Kazakhstan. Objects of research: Sowing of soybeans in conditions of irrigation in the south of Kazakhstan. Zoned soybean variety “Lastochka”. In the conditions of the hot and dry climate of the south of Kazakhstan, the main limiting factor of the yield of soybean plants is the lack of moisture and nutrition elements. According to the research results, it was found that when maintaining optimal soybean irrigation regimes in combination with mineral fertilizer norms, taking into account the needs of plants, they ensure consistently high yields of soybean grain at the level of 30 c/ha. In the conditions of the south of Kazakhstan, optimization of the soybean irrigation regime and regulation of the nutrition regime are an effective method for obtaining consistently high grain yields from the irrigated territory.
11. HUDA MOHAMMED ABD-ALRAZIK ABUSAIEF*, ANAS ALHADDAD AND NASER B. O. BULSOD [Study on bio-fish extract and cultivation dates to improve production of flax (Linum usitatissimum) in Omar-Mukhtar area, Libya]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 536-548 (2021). Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Libya *(e-mail : huda.abusaief@omu.edu.ly)
ABSTRACT
Flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) are known to be very useful source of fiber and nutrition soil; also boi-fish extract has shown to be a from of organic fertilizer of very high quality. Our objective is to contribute to the research effort to produce healthy, safe and organic crops, while saving the soil from being damaged and the environment for any harmful materials. Therefore, we conducted study in Omar-Mukhtar Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar district in northeastern Libya, in the growing seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 in to examine the effect of marine bio-fish extract as organic fertilization and of different cultivation dates on improving yields for three flax varieties cultivated. The experiment was laid under split-split plot design utilizing three-factor complete randomized block design organized with three replicates. Bio-fish extract was added to the main plots at a rate of 5 L/ha and control, sub-plots to three flax varieties (Giza11, L.22 and Sakha4) sub-sub plots, on two cultivation dates of 11 October and 11 November. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) of the flax crop with adding the bio-fish extract for L.22 was 0.034 and 0.018 t grain ha/L for seasons 2016/17 and 2017/18, respectively. The higher grain yield was 1.50 t/ha for season 2016/17 and 0.53 t/ha for season 2017/18, when adding the fish extract for strain L.22 and cultivation date of 11 October. Thus, adding the fish extract led to an increase in grain yield, oil, and fiber content. With the bio-fish fertilization, strain L.22 was better in oil. Also, sowing on November 11 with the addition of fish extract resulted in a higher fiber proportion in the yielded crop.
12. Tatiana A. Goryanina* [Yield and quality of green mass of winter crops, depending on the mowing time]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 549-555 (2021). Laboratory of Gray Bread Selection Samara Scientific Research Agriculture Institute named after N.M. Tulaykov Samara Federal Research Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 446254, 41 Karl Marx Str., Bezenchuk, Russian Federation *(e-mail : goryanina5893@ubogazici.in)
ABSTRACT
The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the normalized feeding of farm animals is impossible without knowledge of the complete chemical composition and nutritional value of feeds grown in the specific conditions of the region. The main purpose of the research was to determine the difference and advantages of productivity and quality of green mass of triticale from those of rye and wheat, depending on the mowing time. The study of the green mass of winter crops was carried out on the fields of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture during 1996 to 2005 and 2016 to 2018. The yield and quality of varieties of winter rye, winter soft wheat and winter triticale of local selection have been studied in the experiments. The studies were conducted in four repetitions. It was carried out the biochemical evaluation of the samples. Plant sampling and chemical analysis in the green mass of plants were carried out according to the available state standard (GOST). Comparison of the feed value of winter crops was carried out according to development phases. Nutrition indicators: the content of protein, sugar, fiber, fat, nitrogen-free extractable substances, carotene, as well as feed units, and digestibility have been studied in this research. It was concluded that triticale is a worthy culture for use in the production of high-quality grain-haylage feed.
13. BASEL NATSHEH, NAWAF ABU-KHALAF* AND SAMIH ABUBAKER [Evaluating cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) production under different fertilizer systems]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 556-563 (2021). Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), P. O. Box. 7, Tulkarm, Palestine *(e-mail : n.abukhalaf@ptuk.edu.ps)
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was carried out in the open field conditions during 2019-20 growing season at Palestine Technical University–Kadoorie (PTUK), Palestine farm to determine the effect of different fertilizer regimes comprised of organic fertilizer (compost), chemical fertilizers and control (without fertilizer application) on cauliflower production. Chlorophyll content (SPAD), shoot and root wet weight, number of leaves and plant height were investigated. Compost treatments tended to produce significantly the highest shoot, root wet weight, leaf counts, plant height and chlorophyll content compared to either chemical fertilizers or the control. Significantly higher plant vigour of cauliflower was noticed under compost treatments followed by chemical fertilizers application and control treatment.
14. DK NURUN NAJEEBAH AZ-ZAHRA PG MD TASHIM, RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI, SALWANA MD JAAFAR AND FAIZAH METALI* [Allelopathic effects of Mangifera indica leaves on the growth performance of Brassica rapa ‘Chinensis’ (Pak choi)]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 564-575 (2021). Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam *(e-mail : faizah.metali@ubd.edu.bn)
ABSTRACT
Mangoes are a popular home garden crop in Brunei Darussalam, and their leaf litter is often used as compost, which is an environmentally friendly approach to manage organic waste. This study was conducted in 2018 at Universiti Brunei Darussalam to investigate the allelopathic effects of mango leaves on the growth of a leafy vegetable, Pak choi. Powdered and aqueous extract of mango leaves at various mango leaf concentrations (0-30%) were prepared and mixed with potted soils. Seedling survival, number of leaves and relative growth rates (based on stem diameter and shoot height) of Pak choi was not significantly affected by mango leaf treatment types and concentrations. Irrespective of mango leaf treatment types (powder vs. aqueous extract), biomass allocations to leaves (LMR) and roots (RMR), but not stems (SMR), were significantly inhibited at 10% and 20% mango leaf concentrations, respectively. However, stimulation in LMR and RMR of Pak choi was significantly observed in the opposite mango leaf concentrations. The aqueous mango leaf extract significantly stimulated specific leaf area (SLA) of Pak choi, suggesting that it probably contain less potent allelochemicals compared to the leaf powder, which inhibited SLA by almost 100%. Number of leaves and relative growth rates of Pak choi were not significantly affected by mango leaves. The findings suggest that aqueous mango leaf extracts at 20% could possibly be used in a sustainable organic leafy vegetable farming due to its growth stimulation in LMR and SLA. However, further research on other leafy vegetables and in field conditions are necessary due to the inhibitory allelopathic potentials of mango leaves.
15. JONG-GOO KANG, HYUN HWA PARK AND YONG IN KUK* [Application of various extracts on the growth and yield of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its effect on the biochemical content]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 576-587 (2021). Department of Horticulture Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea *(e-mail : yikuk@sunchon.ac.kr)
ABSTRACT
Liquid fertilizers have been used in organic agriculture, but exactly which extraction methods and source materials produce the highest rates of crop growth is not fully understood. Therefore, this experiment was conducted during 2020 in Suncheon, South Korea to determine which extraction methods and source materials can produce the best liquid fertilizers in terms of their ability to promote growth and yield in red pepper and tomatoes. The photosynthetic efficiency in tomato and red pepper plants was also measured after treatments with various liquid fertilizers. Finally, crude protein, crude fat, ash, total phenol, and flavonoid contents, and DPPH radical scavenging activity in red peppers and tomatoes were determined after various extract treatments. The red pepper and tomato plant height and shoot fresh weight at seven and 14 days after the treatments generally increased significantly regardless of which extraction method or extract material had been used to produce the extracts used in the plant treatments. In contrast, the red pepper and tomato leaf number were similar regardless of the extracts used. On the other hand, the extracts were more effective promotors of the fresh weight in tomato plants than red pepper plants. The tomato shoot fresh weight was 49-53, 49-66, and 38-74% higher than the control when the plants were treated with the fermentation, boiled water, and water extracts, respectively. Red pepper fruit weight was 44-74%, 43-81%, and 44-84% higher than the control when the plants were treated with fermentation, water, and boiled water extracts, respectively. In addition, the tomato fruit weight was increased by 35-42% when the plants were treated with fermentation bone + fish and onion extracts, 50% when the plants were treated with the water tomato extracts, and 30% when the plants were treated with boiled water onion extract,compared to the control. The photosynthetic efficiency of red pepper and tomato plants treated with various extracts did not vary significantly. The crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents were not adversely affected by the extract treatments. Moreover, most of the extracts had no adverse impact on the total phenol and total flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Overall, this study presents a strong case for the further use and study of organic liquid fertilizers because they can promote growth and improve the yield rates without adversely affecting the primary and secondary metabolites.
16. Lokesh, S. S. Jakhar, Sunil Kumar* and Anil Kumar Malik [Impact of plant oils and containers on storage of onion (Alllium Cepa) seeds]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 588-595 (2021). Department of Seed Science and Technology Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana-125 004, India *(e-mail : maliksunil25@hau.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most important vegetable crop grown all over the world. The deterioration of stored seed is a natural phenomenon and seeds tend to lose viability even under ideal storage conditions. Plant oils are reported to give maximum protection against seed mycoflora and eco-friendly in nature. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during 2019-20 at Department of Seed Science & Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar, India to elucidate the effect of plant oils and packaging materials on the longevity of onion seed (variety: Hisar Onion-4). The seeds were coated with eight different plant oils @ 10 mL/kg seed (castor, neem, aonla, til, linseed, karanj, akhrot, ajwain oils and untreated control) and kept in two containers viz., cloth bag and plastic zipping bag up to a storage period of nine months under ambient conditions in Seed Pathology Laboratory of Department of Seed Science & Technology, CCSHAU, Hisar. The samples were drawn at three-month interval for ascertaining the seed quality. The results showed that, seeds coated with neem oil (10 mL/kg seed) and stored in plastic zipping bag recorded better seed quality [germination (65.67%), root length (3.26 cm), shoot length (5.33 cm), mean seedling dry weight (6.60mg), vigour indices 1 and 2 (553.8 and 433.5), electrical conductivity (0.497 µS/cm/seed), mycoflora (0.643%), emergence index (6.27) and seedling establishment (53.50%)]. The present study suggests the use of appropriate packaging material and seed treatment could prolong the storage life and seed health of onion seeds.
17. Ivanova M., Gins E., Fedosov A., Baikov A., Demyanova-Roy G., Gins V.*, Mizrukhina Y., Choloquinga M. and Dembele L. [Influence of different types of AGROTEX™ mulching material on the yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) introduced in Moscow region]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 596-601 (2021). The Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow region, 143080, Russia *(e-mail : anirr@bk.ru)
ABSTRACT
Non-woven agrotextile coverings accelerate the growth and development of vegetable crops, as well as their nutritional value. The spectral composition of the absorbed, reflected and transmitted radiation depends on the colour of the nonwoven covering material. This study was conducted during 2018 at the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow region to evaluate the effectiveness of various mulching materials. The nonwoven AgrotexTM mulching materials used were: white (W30), foil-clad (F), white-red (WR30), red-yellow (RY40) and yellow (Y20). The research was carried out on the Gourmet variety of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The germination rate, productivity and accumulation of biologically active substances of lettuce depending on the type of covering material were determined. The total carotenoid, flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acids content were higher with nonwoven materials, reaching an optimum with the RY40 material. On the contrary, the total monomeric anthocyanin content was lower when using AgrotexTM materials compared to the control. Agrotextile changes the spectrum of light incident on leaves, enhancing the regulatory effect, this explains the multidirectional change of antioxidant levels.
18. ALEXEY NALIUKHIN*, ANNA RYZHAKOVA, ALEXANDER EREGIN, ALEXANDER RYABKOV, ELENA KULIKOVA, ALEXANDER PELIY AND EKATERINA BORODINA [Influence of the after effect of various fertilizer systems on the yield and quality of the green mass of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense)]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 602-607 (2021). All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry named after D.N. Pryanishnikov, 127434, Moscow, Russia *(e-mail : naliuhin@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
In agro-ecosystems, fertilization practices are crucial for sustaining forage grasses. At the same time, the aftereffect of fertilizers on the productivity of meadow clover has not been studied enough. Here, based on a stationary field experiment, we studied the influence of various fertilizer systems on the yield and quality of the green mass of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) of the Dymkovskiy variety. The research was carried out in accordance with the methodology of field experience on sod-medium-podzolic light-loamy soil in the conditions of the north of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia on the educational and experimental field of the Vologda State Dairy Academy during 2018 to 2020. The scheme of the experiment included 3 fertilizer systems (organic, mineral and organo-mineral) and 2 levels of soil acidity. It was found that in the conditions of a five-field grain-grass crop rotation, the aftereffect of the organo-mineral fertilizer system, in which the use of cattle manure at a dose of 50 t/ha was combined with the application of mineral fertilizers during liming, contributed to the formation of the highest yield of meadow clover – 51.2 to 64.8 t/ha. According to the results of the experiment, the effectiveness of the aftereffect of the organo-mineral fertilizer system against the background of liming was proved, which contributed to the additional collection of crude protein by 24.6 %, feed units – 12.3%, exchange energy by 11.42% compared to the control. The results of this experiment indicate that use of organic joint with mineral amendments not only reduces the need for higher amount of fertilizer but also improves its’ feed qualities of meadow clover.
19. M. SOFIYA* AND R. NIRMAL RAJ [G × E interaction, biochemical characterization and SSR marker analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena) for shoot and fruit borer resistance]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 608-615 (2021). Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University Chidambaram, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu-608002, India *(e-mail : sofiyamagri@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Brinjal or Aubergine or Eggplant, one of the top ten growing vegetables incurs serious crop losses due to shoot and fruit borer from season to season especially under high humidity leading to population buildup reducing the crop yield up to 60-70%. This present investigation was carried out during 2018-19 at Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India using 36 genotypes and landraces to identify stable genotypes of eggplant with high yield and resistance to shoot and fruit borer. The genotypes were also characterized using eleven SSR markers, where three were not amplified. The AMMI and GGE biplot analyses have shown the significant contribution of genotypic variation over the environments and their interaction. AMMI and GGE analysis revealed that ICO-361838 was the most stable genotype for fruit yield per plant, whereas ICO-354749 and ICO-427008 were stable for the trait shoot borer infestation. The resistant lines had the highest total phenol, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbic acid content but total sugar content was lowest in these lines. The identified genotypes can be further utilized in breeding for resistance and the selection can also be done on the basis of these biochemical parameters. However, the SSR markers utilized were not informative enough and for marker assisted selection a greater number of primers should be added.
20. Laldinfeli Ralte and Y. Tunginba Singh* [Use of rbcL and ITS2 for DNA barcoding and identification of Solanaceae plants in hilly state of Mizoram, India]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 616-623 (2021). Department of Botany Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India *(e-mail : tunginba@mzu.edu.in)
ABSTRACT
Solanaceae is an important angiosperm family having high economic and commercial importance being used as sources of food, spice, and medicine. The traditional method of plant identification using morphological characters often leads to inaccurate and unreliable results because of genetic and environmental factors. In Solanaceae family, highly similar morphological traits among the species also make the identification difficult. The present study evaluated the viability of employing DNA barcodes, ITS2 and rbcL regions to identify Solanaceae species. DNA barcoding is a rapid and reliable tool to identify and study the genetic relationship among plants and animals. The present study for the first time was conducted during 2017 to 2019 at the Department of Botany, Mizoram University to analyze the applicability of two DNA regions- rbcL (Ribulose-bisphosphate Carboxylases) and ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer gene), as the barcodes for the identification of Solanaceae species of Mizoram, India. Fifteen Solanaceae species were analyzed at ITS2 and rbcL regions. The success rates of PCR amplification and sequencing of ITS2 and rbcL were 100% and MEGA 7.0 was used to align the sequences and to compute genetic distances. The results from BLAST and nearest-distance methods revealed that ITS2 and rbcL can be used to identify all the studied species and high divergences at taxonomic levels were also found using K2P (Kimura 2- parameter) model. Hence, our study reveals that rbcL and ITS2 regions are suitable DNA barcodes for the identification of Solanaceae species and therefore can be successfully used to monitor the adulteration of plants.
21. KYOUNG-SUN SEO AND KYEONG WON YUN* [Evaluation of antibacterial activity of the extracts from Liriope platyphylla and Asparagus cochinchinensis (Liliaceae) used as oriental medicine resource in Korea]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 624-629 (2021). Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea *(e-mail : ykw@sunchon.ac.kr)
ABSTRACT
Liriope platyphylla and Asparagus cochinchinensis (Liliaceae) is used as complementary oriental medicine resource called Maekmoondong and Cheonmoondong in Korea. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the two medicinal plants collected in Milyang-si, Kyungsangnam-do Province and Gochang-gun, Jellabuk-do Province of Korea in June, 2018. The ethanol and water extract of tuber from the two plants was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against 4 Gram-positive and 4 Gram-negative bacteria using disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) method. The extracts of the two plants were not shown clear zone at the tested lower concentration (5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL) against all the tested bacteria. The extracts also showed activity against Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as in the sensitive strain. The water extract of Asparagus cochinchinensis exhibited the lowest MIC value of 20 µg/mL, indicating that the highest activity. These results suggest that Liriope platyphylla and Asparagus cochinchinensis possesses compounds with antibacterial properties and should be further investigated for the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity.
22. ÁDÁM KOCZOR, SZILVIA VAJDA, PÉTER RYBALTOVSZKI AND GÁBOR MARKÓ* [Tolerance of common oregano (Origanum vulgare) to seven widely used post- and pre-emergence herbicides]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 630-643 (2021). Department of Plant Pathology Institute of Plant Protection Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Ménesi út 44, Budapest, 1117-H Hungary *(e-mail : marko.gabor3@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Herbicides are often used to support weed control in herbicide-sensitive medicinal herb productions; however, the herbicide tolerance of these plants is less known. To reduce the chemical hazard risk, a study was conducted in 2018 at Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, to explore the tolerance of the cultivated oregano to seven specific and widely used herbicides. In addition, the validity and usability of the applied bioassay procedures were compared for future methodological purposes. In laboratory and greenhouse studies, we applied three different bioassay tests, in which oregano leaves or plants were treated by different herbicides (i.e., glyphosate, MCPA, bromoxynil, oxyfluorfen, phenmedipham-desmedipham, propyzamide, pendimethalin). The tissue damage represented the level of sensitivity analyzed by dose-response curve model fitting. The post-emergence herbicides such as MCPA, bromoxynil and glyphosate imposed a much higher technological risk for the oregano production than the others, such as pendimethalin, phenmedipham-desmedipham and oxyfluorfen, primarily used in pre-emergence technology, while the propyzamide was harmless. Nevertheless, all bioassays were considered to be valid, showing high repeatability, providing consistent tolerance ranks. The pre-emergence weed control could offer more, less harmful herbicide alternatives for the oregano farmers than the post-emergence technology. The applied bioassays could support the labour-intensive toxicological studies where the rapidity, accuracy and genetic control is especially crucial.
23. Satyen Chhetri, Dharmveer* and Sharad Pandey [Effect of different growing media on the growth and biomass of poplar (Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall) stem cuttings]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 644-651 (2021). School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun-248197, Uttarakhand, India *(e-mail : dharmveer.kaintura2@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The propagation of different plant species is not very effective under the field soil unless the soil quality is improved by adding different potting media. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2017 at the forest nursery of Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India to assess the response of different growing media on the growth and biomass of Populus deltoides. The experiment was conducted with completely randomized design with 3 replications and 10 treatments viz., No Treatment (control), Soil:FYM:Sand, Soil:FYM:Neem cake, Soil:FYM:Vermicompost, Soil : Sand : Neem cake, Soil : Sand : Vermicompost, Soil : Neem cake : Vermicompost, Sand : Neem cake : FYM, Sand : Vermicompost : Neem cake and Sand : FYM : Vermicompost. The results demonstrated that poplar growth was significantly higher in media including both vermicompost and sand, or Sand + FYM + Vermicompost. Soil + FYM + Vermicompost, or any alternative treatment containing FYM and soil, was recommended for maximizing plant biomass. The impact of these treatments on several growth and biomass indicators can aid farmers in making informed decisions about P. deltoides crop output in plantation and agroforestry systems.
24. A. SUSANTO, W. SETIAWATI, B. K. UDIARTO AND D. KURNIADIE* [Toxicity and efficacy of selected insecticides for managing invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize in Indonesia]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 652-665 (2021). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail : denny.kurniadie@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), has become an important maize pest that invaded Indonesia in the early 2019. As a highly polyphagous pest, S. frugiperda larvae feed on a total of 353 different host plants belonging to 76 plant families with causing yield losses up to 100%. To overcome this pest, maize grower in some countries using insecticides. Therefore, this study was conducted during 2019-2020 at Padjadjaran University, Faculty of Agriculture and at farmer’s field in the Ciledug sub-district of Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides against S. frugiperda in laboratory and screenhouse to confirm field efficacy against natural infestation. Nineteen insecticides belonging to different chemical group were first tested for their toxicity against the larvae under laboratory conditions and the result will be used as a baseline susceptibility data to ditermine insecticide efficacy against of S. frugiperda in screenhouse and natural infestations in maize fields. The results showed that among insecticides tested, the highest mortality (>80%) were noted with emamectin benzoat, chlorfenapyr, phoxim, methomyl and indoxacarb under laboratory, screenhouse and field conditions. Among all the treatments, significantly higher maize yield of 29.28 t/ha was recorded in emamectin benzoat with 33.89% increase over control, followed by phoxim (29.92 t/ha), indoxacarb (27.5 t/ha), methomyl (26.88 t/ha) and chlorfenapyr (26.38 t/ha) with a per cent increase of 24.10, 14.68, 11.49 and 9.42%, respectively over control. The lowest yield was noticed in untreated control (24.11 t/ha). Emamectin benzoate was consistently more effective than other insecticides at suppressing S. frugiperda populations and protecting maize plants. Furthermore, these insecticides can be used as one of the components of integrated pest management of S. frugiperda and delayed the development of resistance against insecticides.
25. Jude Ifeanyichukwu Okwor, Ikechukwu Eugene Onah, Diligent Efiong Oboho, Sylvester Ada Haruna, Fabian Chukwuemenam Okafor and Joseph Effiong Eyo* [Biopesticidal potential of Moringa oleifera on the oviposition and foraging rate of storage insect pests, Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus oryzae]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 666-676 (2021). Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria *(e-mail : joseph.eyo@unn.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted between April to June 2014 at the Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka to compare the biopesticidal effects of Moringa oleifera (leaf, seed and stem bark) methanol extracts (MOLME, MOSME and MOSBME) on the oviposition and foraging rate of stored cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) and rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). MOLME, MOLME and MOSBME were screened for their phytochemicals and proximate compositions. A Completely Randomized Design of five treatments (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg) replicated three times was used for each extract. Different concentrations were separately evaluated on 5 g each of cowpea and rice with three pairs of male and female of C. maculatus and S. oryzae respectively. The eggs laid by the weevils from the onset of their oviposition were counted on alternate days, while the loss in weight of the grains as a result of foraging activities was recorded. Oviposition and foraging were noted to be dependent on the concentration and duration of biopesticide. Oviposition of the two weevils varied with extract concentrations. Higher concentrations of 300 and 400 mg of MOSME and MOLME significantly decreased (p<0.5) the egg laying potentials of the two weevils when compared with their control groups. The foraging rate of C. maculatus and S. oryzae on their respective grains were significantly reduced (p<0.5) with increase in MOSME concentration when compared with MOLME and MOSBME and their control groups. The study therefore recommended the use of MOLME and MOSME, but more preferably MOSME as biopesticide in the control of C. maculatus and S. oryzae on their respective grains.
26. Marina V. Pushnya*, Elena Yu. Rodionova, Ekaterina G. Snesareva, Alexandra A. Tsygichko AND Vladimir Ya. Ismailov [Study of the possibility of using pheromones to control the number of polyphagous soybean (Glycine max) pests]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 677-685 (2021). Laboratory of Chemical Communication and Mass Rearing Insects, Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection, Krasnodar 350039, Russia *(e-mail : mar.pushnya2014@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
The soybean is an economically important crop for Krasnodar krai. The biological control of polyphagous soybean pests is necessary for organic farming. The aim of our study was to study the possibility of using a synthetic analogs of sex pheromones to control the number of polyphagous soybean pests (Glycine max). The present investigation consisted in the fact that as a primary means of regulation of the number of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), such as Agriotes gurgistanus Heyden, A. tauricus (Faldermann) and A. sputator (L.) and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), methods of mass capture of males (elimination) and disruption of chemical communication (disorientation) were used on soybeans.. The studies were carried out in the soybean plot with an area of 8 hectares (GPS: 45.03° N 38.52° E; FSBSI FRCBZR, Krasnodar), and in the experimental plot “Zolotaya Niva” with an area of 10 hectares (GPS: 45.13°N 39.35 °E Voronezhskaya village, Krasnodar Krai). Preparative forms of pheromones were made on specially designed technological equipment at FSCBPP. Glue traps for monitoring and mass catching of cotton bollworms (type “Attracon”) were also manufactured using FSCBPP technological equipment. Estron-type pheromone traps were purchased from the manufacturer. To determine the dynamics of flight and the number of pests, pheromone traps were placed on experimental plots at the rate of one trap per 1-3 hectares. In experiments on mass trapping of insects (elimination), traps were placed in the amount of 5-10 traps per hectare. The effectiveness of the method was determined by the fertilization of females in control and experiment. Females click beetles were captured using the lure method and LED traps.It was found that the effectiveness of the method of elimination of male click beetles (Agriotes gurgistanus, A. tauricus and A. sputator) was 89–95%, and the level of impaired chemical communication (disorientation) reached 91–99%. The disorientation effect for the cotton moth H. armigera was 92%, with the damage to plants and soybeans not exceeding 2.0%. The effectiveness of this method was 88.6–94.5%, during disorientation of three representatives of Elateridae family and cotton moth H. armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) it was found that the effectiveness of this method was 91.0–99.6% for Elateridae, and 92.0% for H. armigera. This work has presented a novel approach to the possibility of using pheromones as not only the main means of monitoring phytophages, but also a method for controlling polyphagous pests of soybeans, which is important in the development of protection for organic farming systems.
27. Alexey Pachkin, Oksana Kremneva*, Maria Ivanisova, Igor Popov and Danilov Roman [Test results for LED traps of various designs for phytosanitary monitoring]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 686-691 (2021). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection» p/o 39, Krasnodar 350039, Russia *(e-mail : kremenoks@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The field trials of two types of light traps in natural and agroecosystems were carried out during August 03 to 17, 2018 at “Kuban Canned Food” Company Dinskaya district and from June 18 to August 18, 2019 at Peasant Farm Kalininsky district of Krasnodar region, Russia. The two-year dynamics of the activity of some insect species adults in the sunflower cenosis was investigated based on the results of their attraction to traps. The traps were set in three replicates, the counts were carried out once every 3-5 days, the values of the biological diversity and dominance indices of Magralef and Berger – Parker.The results obtained make it possible to draw conclusions about the general biodiversity of insects in the agroecosystem, the population density of certain species, and the dynamics of their seasonal activity. During the research period the conical trap collected representatives of 40 families, the aspiration trap of 29 insect families. In general, more families were captured with the conical light trap compared to the aspiration one. According to research data, the aspiration design of the light trap is more effective in attracting members of the Noctuidae family.
28. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Aphelenchus avenae (Nematoda: Aphelenchidae) using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 692-695 (2021). Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Fungivores nematodes are the main nematodes that live in the soil are free-living fungivores essential for the soil food web, biological control, and ecological study. This species must be identified correctly because it is distributed widely in soil. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2018 at the Limpopo University to identify the fungivores nematodes from South Africa’s soils using 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the chelex method. The nematode was identified as A. avenae. Afterward, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed South African A. avenae had 96% similarity (MT857724; JQ348400; AB368536) with Chinese, Czech Republic, and Japanese populations, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as A. avenae in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 28S rDNA however, use of other rDNA markers such as 18S and ITS rDNA for a better understanding of Aphelenchus phylogeny is recommended.
29. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Diploscapter coronatus (Nematoda: Rhabditida) using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 696-699 (2021). Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Free-living bacterivores nematodes are the main nematodes that live in the soil. Free-living bacteria are essential for the soil food web. The genus Diploscapter is distributed in the soil with several species. Hence, the identification based on the molecular rDNA, specifically 28S rDNA is necessary for D. coronatus. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2018 at the Limpopo University to identify the free-living bacterivores nematodes from South Africa’s soils using 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using chelex method. Afterward, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed South African D. coronatus has 97% similarity (MK541668) with Germany’s population. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as D. coronatus in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 28S rDNA properly. However, using other rDNA markers such as 18S rDNA and ITS rDNA for a better understanding of Diploscapter phylogeny is recommended.
30. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Zeldia punctata (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) using ITS rDNA from South Africa]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 700-703 (2021). Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Free-living nematodes belong to the family Cephalobidae are bacterivores contribute towards soil health are a good source for the biological and genetic analysis. Zeldia punctata is a free-living bacterivores which distributed across South Africa. This species is an important in the biodiversity of the soil nematode and needs to be identified correctly. Hence, ITS rDNA is a useful tool for identification of Z. punctate. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2018 at the Limpopo University to identify the free-living bacterivores nematodes from South Africa’s soils using ITS rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using chelex method. The recovered nematode identified as Zeldia punctata. Afterward, ITS rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the ITS rDNA showed South African Z. punctata has 96% similarity (DQ146427) with the American population. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Z. punctata in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using ITS rDNA properly. However, using other rDNA markers such as 18S and 28S rDNA for a better understanding of Zeldia phylogeny is recommended.
31. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Physicochemical and sensory quality attributes of taro (Colocasia esculenta) chip pretreated by microwave, ultrasound and pulsed electric field]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 704-711 (2021). Faculty of Biotechnology Binh Duong University, Vietnam *(e-mail : npminh@bdu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an important food crop in Vietnam and other countries. Raw taro tuber could be converted to value-added product via oil frying. Consumers highly preferred the deep-oil fried taro-chip but they did not accept excessive oil uptake in these products because it was related to health concerns. This research was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Vietnam to evaluate the influence of microwave, ultrasound and pulsed electric field pre-treatments on the physicochemical and sensory quality properties of the fried taro chip. Results showed that ultrasonic pre-treatment resulted to a lower oil uptake, texture hardness while a better L* (0 = black; 100 = white), a* (—a = greenness; +a = redness) values as well as overall acceptance. Pre-treatment contributed a significant improvement on the quality of taro chip during oil frying.
32. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Preharvest fumigation of 1-Methylcyclopropene, aminoethoxyvin-ylglycine, chlorine dioxide and nitric oxide for improving postharvest quality of durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 712-719 (2021). Faculty of Biotechnology Binh Duong University, Vietnam *(e-mail : npminh@bdu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
1-Methylcyclopropene, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, chlorine dioxide and nitric oxide were widely applied as ethylene synthesis inhibitors for crops at pre-harvest stages for various purposes. Durian (Durio zibethinus) was a seasonal fruit commonly cultivated in tropical regions. Durian was highly perishable at ambient condition due to its high respiration rate and ethylene accumulation. Preharvest treatment was considered as a promising strategy to regulate some physiological behaviors of durian during postharvest storage. This research was conducted during 2020 at Soc Trang Nanotech laboratory, Vietnam to evaluate the effectiveness of preharvest fumigation at dose 200 µL/L at 14 days before harvesting with 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and nitric oxide (NO) on quality of durian fruit. After harvesting, the treated fruits were kept at 4oC for 28 days. In 7 day-interval, sample was taken to evaluate respiration rate, ascorbic acid content, glutathione content and ascorbic peroxidase activity. Results showed that 1-MCP-treated durian had the lowest respiration rate (101.24±1.27 mg CO2/kg/h) while maintained the highest ascorbic acid content (21.73±0.22 mg/100 g), glutathione content (29.30±0.11 µmol/kg) and ascorbic peroxidase activity (2.31±0.02 U/g) at the end of 28 days of storage. Preharvest treatment by 1-MCP significantly enhanced quality of durian fruit in an extended stability.
33. Kritika Sharma*, Neetu Singh2 and Ruchi Sharma [Eichhornia crassipes leaves biomass harvested from heavy metal contaminated water for biodiesel production potential]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 720-726 (2021). Department of Biotechnology Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh-312 901, Rajasthan, India *(e-mail : kritikas3@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Energy is crucial for life and the issues related to fossil fuels (coal, gas and mineral oils) like limited availability, increasing prices, etc., have necessitated the need for some alternative energy sources. Eichhornia crassipes is known as widespread aquatic weed and a well known heavy metal hyperaccumulator. Its leaves biomass reported to have biochemical profile to be utilized for bioenergy generation. Therefore, the present study was conducted at the Institute campus during 2017-2020 with an aim to materialize the prolific growth of this aquatic weed to generate bioenergy sources such as Biodiesel from heavy metal contaminated water, thus proposing a strategy of its control through utilization. GC-MS screening of E. crassipes leaves extract showed the presence of methyl esters such as 8-Octadecenoic acid; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- Hexadecanoic acid. Lower TL content (~16%) was observed in E. crassipes leaves biomass raised at T2 culture (4 ppm Pb) as compared to T1 culture (1 ppm Pb). Characterization of the produced biodiesel using FTIR, confirmed the presence of the ester group. The FA analysis of esterified lipid showed the presence of C16:0, C18:1 and C18:3, which are known to be the common FAs present in biodiesel. The findings of the present study could provide a promising way of utilizing E. crassipes growing in wastewater contaminated with a lower concentration of heavy metal (lead) for biodiesel production.
34. VALERIY BurlutskIy*, Vladimir Mazurov, Vladimir Kosolapov, AlexandEr Peliy**, Sergey Voronov, Natalia Davydova, EKATERINA BORODINA, Andrey Kazachenko and Alexey Shatokhin [Productivity and development of secondary phytocenoses for hay fields of the central economic region in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 727-736 (2021). Russian Potato Research Centre Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture, 249142, Kaluga region, Russia *(e- mail : V.Burlutsky@yandex.ru; **Kaluga-Peliy@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
At the moment, the development of fallow lands for the possible production of highly productive hayfields by assessing the production potential of cenoflora is an urgent scientific and industrial problem. The relationships between the productivity and the quality of the cut weight on the species composition, the degree of synanthropization of communities and the dissemination of groups of valuable native and invasive species here were analyzed. The research was carried out on abanded lands of the Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture in 2006 to 2020 at the address: Russian Federation, Kaluga region, Peremyshlskiy district, the village of experimental station. It was found that adventive communities are more diverse in terms of productivity and quality of green mass, their productivity was on average 1.2-1.7 times higher than trivial ones. The transformation of aboriginal communities during the immigration of adventive species, which have an adaptive potential to the ecological and soil conditions of the plakors of the Meshchovsky opolye of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation is shown. It has been established that without a complex of agrotechnological methods to improve the floristic composition and increase the productivity of secondary phytocenoses, their phytomass cannot be significant in the production of voluminous forages. Mineral fertilizers (P40K60) contributed to an increase in productivity by 21-44% and the share of sown grasses from 84 to 94% in the crop structure, as well as a decrease in the degree of its variability by 1.3 times. According to the research results, a new approach to assessing the production potential of vegetation and optimizing the elements of resource-saving technology for accelerated field development with the prospect of obtaining highly productive multicomponent mown grass stands based on a new variety of Festulolium Kafes and the principles of phytocenotic design has been highlighted. The possibility of joint application of unmanned aerial vehicles and ecological and floral classification for routine analysis of phytocenoses of various genesis is shown.
35. Engeribo Albert*, Elchin Orujov, Mukhriddin Mu Madumarov, Maryam Bayat, Allen Godwin Temewei and Abdul Nasir Sediqi [A perspective of herbicide-resistant weeds and management options: A Review]. Res. on Crops 22 (3) : 737-746 (2021). Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia *(e-mail : mashanky007@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In crop lands around the globe, various interventions for weed suppression are used and among them are chemicals which are widely recommended for weed control. This paper will try to bring forth ideas that can be integrated into the development of herbicide resistance. Chemical herbicides have been known to affect weed fitness, ecosystem and the diversity of their community changes over a period of time in response to both herbicides and other intervention strategies imposed on them. Regular application of the herbicides with same active ingredients and site of action repeatedly and intensively has the potential to swiftly result in population that is more tolerant, and difficult to suppress, this will ultimately result in weed community that is herbicide resistant, particularly in absence of using herbicides with different modes of action. Appropriate herbicide resistance management practices should be adopted to avoid resistance emerging to the new active ingredients as well. Generally, farmers prefer to use one active ingredient that still provides proper weed control on susceptible species while adding a second active ingredient to suppress weeds that develop resistant instead of taking a more economical strategy. Therefore, there is need for concerted efforts and more work to be done by both weed experts and evolutionary biologists towards an improvement and broader knowledge with regard to resistant development in plants. This collaboration is cardinal in offering innovative and tangible solutions to the herbicide resistance challenges being faced by the world.
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